Week 5

Question 1

The ankle involves

Answer 1

Tibia, fibula and talus

Question 2

How much load transfer does the tibia accommdate

Answer 2

90%

Question 3

Which is the largest tarsal bone

Answer 3

calcaneus

Question 4

Which tarsal bone is most commonly fractured

Answer 4

calcaneus

Question 5

Talocrural joint forms what

Answer 5

mortise joint

Question 6

What attach to the head of the fibula

Answer 6

biceps fem
LCL
Peroneal nerve (posteriorly)_

Question 7

What is sinus tarsi

Answer 7

area where neck of talus and ATFL is palpable - if pain could indicate ATFL injury, fracture of the talus, sinus tarsi syndrome

Question 8

What transmits BW from hindfoot to midfoot

Answer 8

calcaneus

Question 9

What is the most commonly fractured bone of the foot

Answer 9

calcaneus

Question 10

name the ligaments of the foot

Answer 10

medially - deltoid (tibio-calcaneal, tibionavicular and tibiotalar)
- limits eversion
Laterally
Anterior talofibular 
calcaneofibular 
posterior talofibular
-resist inversion

Question 11

what is the most commonly injured ligament

Answer 11

ATFL

lateral malleolus to talar neck

Question 12

How is the ATFL injured

Answer 12

Inversion + PF

Question 13

open pack position of the ankle

Answer 13

plantarflexed

Question 14

What is the role of the calcaneofibular ligament

Answer 14

resist inversion at talocrural (esp in DF) & subtalar

Question 15

What is the PTFL and what is its role

Answer 15

posterior talofibular ligament
lateral malleolus - lateral tubercle of talus
- stabilises talus in mortise
-limits abduction esp in DF

Question 16

pronation =

Answer 16

eversion +abduction (+ min PF)

Question 17

Supination =

Answer 17

Inversion + adduction ( + min DF)

Question 18

Open chain supination and pronation

Answer 18

S - calcaneal inversion adduction and plantarflexion

P- calcaneal eversion abduction and dorsiflexion

Question 19

Closed chain supination and pronation

Answer 19

S - Tibia ER, Talus dorsiflexion and abduction, calcaneal inversion

P- tibia IR, Talus PF and ADD, Calcaneal eversion

Question 20

tibialis muscles support what

Answer 20

The longitudinal arch

Question 21

What nerve innervates Tib Ant

Answer 21

Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)

Question 22

Which muscles balance out Tib Ant

Answer 22

EHL and Peroneus tertius

Question 23

Tib ant dysfunction

Answer 23

foot slap (inability to control foot after heel contact)

tightness - develops in absence of strength
pulls foot medially
pes cavus

Question 24

What is PTTD

Answer 24

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

Question 25

Why are joints with long moment arms commonly injured

Answer 25

Long moment arms can have larger external forces applied to them

Question 26

Why do bones and muscles have greater capacity for repair

Answer 26

greater blood supply

Question 27

How does bone heal

Answer 27

in the direction of force

Question 28

Risk factors for OA

Answer 28

``` frequency up with age obesity joint injury/trauma joint overuse/repetitive joint loading tasks Joint malalignment muscle weakness family history ```

Question 29

what are the three types of OA

Answer 29

idiopathic, familial and post-traumatic

Question 30

Effect of OA on articular cartilage

Answer 30

thickening to softening, to thinning to loss

Question 31

impact of OA on synovial membrane

Answer 31

abnormal joint alignment stresses

Question 32

Impact of OA on ligaments

Answer 32

Abnormal joint alignment stresses

Question 33

Impact of OA on muscles

Answer 33

Immobility shortens, pain causes guarding ; weakness

Question 34

Impact of OA on bone

Answer 34

changes in shock absorbing properties ; joint margin spurring leads to bony blockade and pain

Question 35

Impact of OA on extra articular system

Answer 35

increased energy expenditure from abnormal moving pattern