Week 5

Question 1

Define ‘ideology’ in terms of International Relations

Answer 1

• A science of ideas
• Focusing on human nature, social order, the extent of historical change
• How society ought to be organised
• What is right v. what is wrong

Question 2

What is socialism

Answer 2

• Equality and quality of life
• Rationality
• Change should be revolutionary, created by by the people and provide for all needs and asks

Question 3

What is reformism

Answer 3

• Freedom/equality
• Rationality
• Change is normal but as the market has failures, state should step in to remedy

Question 4

What is facism

Answer 4

• Equality and freedom only for those who deserve it

- Change should be swift, revolutionary and bring about the pure/divine social order

Question 5

What is libertarianism

Answer 5

• The state is the oppressor and inhibiter of freedom and equality
• Just social order should be organic
• Aims to maximise autonomy and freedom of choice, emphasising political freedom, voluntary association, and the primacy of individual judgment.

Question 6

What is conservatism

Answer 6

• Order, stability, security, tradition

- Change should be minimised and managed by enlightened leadership

Question 7

What is Neo-Liberalism

Answer 7

Freedom - managed by the market, provides equality of
opportunity for those willing to go after it
Rationality - change is normal and should be
managed by entrepreneurs

Question 8

What is Classical-Liberalism

Answer 8

Freedom - via the market, allows equality of opportunity
Rationality - change is normal and should be
managed by civil society

Question 9

What were some aspects of the ‘Age of Reason’

Answer 9

• 18th and 19th century reality where high population density rendered citizens greedy, wasteful
• Constant questioning of social order
• Mass labour movement across Europe
• ‘Republics’ of rational men were fraught with inequality

Question 10

What was George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s deal?

Answer 10

• Follower of political economy and the pursuit of individual interest
• All about freedom, reason, self-consciousness and recognition
• Believed wealth would circulate in a free market economy
• His answer to rising inequalities was to send people to the colonies
• Thought history had grown and was moving in a rational direction
• Thinks that contradictions move and create change

Question 11

How did Karl Marx view capitalism?

Answer 11

• Capitalism inherently exploitative and contradictory of social relations
• Believed capitalism in an inherently modern mode of production (most productive mode of social organisation but most exploitative)
• Capitalism produces antagonism between classes, moving society

Question 12

What does Karl Marx think of socialism?

Answer 12

• Believes socialism is “common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange”
• Workers take control of the state
• Revolution, achieving fundamental social changes through sudden, violent transfers of power

Question 13

What does Marx think will happen when capitalism and socialism intertwine?

Answer 13

• Capital goes global through colonisation
• Thus contradiction and inequality goes global
• Workers of the world unite to capture the state
• End product is global socialism

Question 14

How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Hegel differ in viewing the market?

Answer 14

Marx saw market as means of bourgeoisie to attempt to remake world in its image
Hegel saw market and pursuit of self interest to have social benefits as best provider of freedom and innovation

Question 15

How does Edmund Burke view empires? What does he propose instead?

Answer 15

• Empire is corrupting the nation, inherently violent, threatens social order and traditional communities
• Sympathy, political community, order and enlightened
  governance
• Against revolution for change, sees that if a mass of people have resources to undergo revolution, there will be damage

Question 16

What’s the deal with Francis Fukuyama and his ‘End of History’ theory?

Answer 16

• Debates the end of the Cold War is also the end of history
• It is the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution
• Universalisation of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government

Question 17

What are Fukuyama’s reasons for his claim about the ‘End of History’?

Answer 17

• Capitalism has produced unprecedented levels of materialism
• Modern natural science has a uniform effect on all societies
• People are protesting for democracy all around the world (Asia, Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe)

Question 18

How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Hegel differ in viewing the the engine of history?

Answer 18

Marx believed material conditions were engine of history

Hegel believed ideas (spirit) was the engine of history

Question 19

How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Hegel differ in viewing the end state?

Answer 19

Marx saw end state to be global socialism

Hegel saw end state to a world of democratic states

Question 20

What were some key moments in the emergence of electoral politics?

Answer 20

- Extension to franchise to men without property (e.g. Britain 1867, Norway, 1898, Sweden 1908, Argentina 1912)
• Electoral politics beginning to reflect class affiliations (British Labour Party 1900)
• Labour accepted into Parliament, split the left between moderate and radical

Question 21

What is globalisation?

Answer 21

The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture

Question 22

What specific areas have increased and developed due to globalisation?

Answer 22

• Flow of goods and services (economic globalisation, market economy)
• Communication
• Immigration and emigration
• Exchange of ideas (governance and politics)
• Technology

Question 23

What was the year and organisation that first introduced cooperation on an international scale?

Answer 23

• 1874 Universal Postal Union

- Ensured smooth interaction between states

Question 24

What were the impacts of growing cooperation in the 19th Century

Answer 24

• Migration to North and South American grew
• Linked to social movements and unrest
• Improvements in technology and travel
  > steamships, planes, photography, radio

Question 25

What is a social movement

Answer 25

Large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organisations which focus on specific political or social issues - Directed toward correcting a social wrong - Self-organising - Politically mobilising - (non-violent) lobbying for political change - use of communications, education and awareness raising

Question 26

What led to socialist parties and trade unions?

Answer 26

- Industrialisation, workers becoming increasingly class conscious - Expansion sector strikes turning into general strikes

Question 27

What were some issues with socialist parties and trade unions?

Answer 27

- Workers of the world however not easy to unite (national and industrial sector differences) - Socialists and anarchists actively mobilised but there were ideological divisions (especially around the franchise)

Question 28

When did trade union acquire status?

Answer 28

- 1867-75 Trades unions acquired legal status and privileges (not reduced or abolished until the 1980s)

Question 29

What were women's rights like in the Victorian era?

Answer 29

- Gender norms that women were only fit for domestic labour - Women had no citizen rights (property or franchise) - Heavy gender norms based on subservient nature enforced by the FUCKING PATRIARCHY

Question 30

How did labour develop for women during the Victorian era?

Answer 30

- Non-domestic labour begins to diversify > household service, cottage (i.e.lacemaking) and industrial sectors (particularly as compulsory schooling ends child labour) until they married - Work until you get married - Certain occupations (teaching, shopkeeping) became feminised

Question 31

What was the Suffragette movement?

Answer 31

- Women's organisations in the late-19th and early-20th who advocated the extension of the "franchise", or the right to vote in public elections for women - Organised feminism, strongest in UK and US (militants in UK Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU))

Question 32

What were the outcomes and strategies of the Suffragettes?

Answer 32

- Movement does not achieve its objectives until after WWI (with the exceptions of Australia; Finland, Norway and some US states); - Strategies were avant-garde (pushing boundaries), direct action, single issue campaigns and pressure groups

Question 33

What were the associations above the level of the private, | and below the level of the state?

Answer 33

``` – Trades unions – Advocacy and lobby groups – Fringe political parties – Non-governmental organisations – Social movements – Charities – Regulatory bodies and ombudsmen ```

Question 34

What is the 'civil' society?

Answer 34

- Aggregate of non-governmental organisations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens - Includes public and private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business

Question 35

Who were some people that paved the way for slave abolishment?

Answer 35

- William Wilberforce (MP) - Oloudah Equiano (educated slave, who wrote a book on his experiences) - Thomas Clarkson (leading campaigner) - Granville Sharp (Quaker - religious)

Question 36

What is nationalism? Where is it historically known to have originated?

Answer 36

- Strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance - 18th century Europe - Language, education, trying to construct nations into the immemorial past - Demanding citizen loyalty

Question 37

What was anti-colonial nationalism?

Answer 37

- Exploitation of a key contradiction in colonial policy - Problem arose where colonials trying to build a ‘nation’ where none exists - Need to now educate colonies - Key element in the Cold War

Question 38

How did anti-colonialsm influence pan-african civil rights movements?

Answer 38

- Struggles for independence - Violence growing in African colonies and states - Attempts of colonialists to educate meant rising protests and discontent - Brought upon African unions to throw off colonial occupation * Indigenous Australians politically mobilised by seeing protests arise in US, inspired to claim land rights

Question 39

How does Marx understand historical change?

Answer 39

- History of society is seen through class struggles | - Each accomplishment of the bourgeoisie is accompanied by political advance of that class

Question 40

What is the effect of capitalism on the worker?

Answer 40

- Workers "become an appendage of the machine" - Workers placed under strict hierarchal demand - Slaves in their social order, slaves to machine, their manager - Workers form trade unions

Question 41

Is there any continuing relevance of Marx for contemporary global politics?

Answer 41

- Yes, seen in current US political campaign, trying to exploit class antagonism - Difference in material production shapes the developed and developing states (economic globalisation)

Question 42

Why do revolutions that are meant to be underpinned by progressive political values (like equality) often turn out to be quite oppressive in implementation?

Answer 42

- Equality for one class may be oppressive for another - Even within classes, there will be differing views - Some progressive ideas often seen as utopian - After a revolution, to maintain the changes, oppression can be seen to work