week 5

Question 1

The four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue are:
What is their role
What nerve innervates them

Answer 1

superior longitudinal 
inferior longitudinal 
transverse
vertical 
muscles of the tongue
Role: speech, eating and swallowing 
Hypoglossal nerve

Question 2

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 2

Geniglossus - originates at the mental symphsis and inserts onto the dorsum of the tongue and the hyoid bone. Functions to depress and protrude the tongue. Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Styloglossus - originates at the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts onto the side of the tongue. Functions to elevate and retract the tongue. Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Hyoglossus - originates at the hyoid bone and inserts onto the side of the tongue. Functions to depress and retract the tongue. Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Palatoglossus - originates at the palatine aponeurosis and inserts broadly across the posterior of the tongue. Functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue. Innervated by the vagus nerve.

Question 3

which extrinsic tongue muscle elevates and retracts the tongue

Answer 3

styloglossus

Question 4

which extrinsic tongue muscle depresses and rpotrudes the tongue

Answer 4

genioglossus

Question 5

which extrinsic tongue muscle depresses and retracts the tongue

Answer 5

hyoglossus

Question 6

squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

Answer 6

squamous cell carcinoma derived from the lining epithelium. Established, invasive carcinomas present as raised, nodular lesions that develop central ulceration with a hard, raised edge. Initial lesions are red and generally arise in the floor of the mouth or the soft palate with larger tumours spreading to the lateral aspects of the tongue.

Question 7

Disease

Answer 7

disorder of structure and/or function

Question 8

Illness

Answer 8

the expression and experience of ill health. Psychological, social and cultural factors are crucial. Includes how they display it.

Question 9

Locus of control

Answer 9

the degree to which the person believes that control to influence events resides with themselves or others. Do they believe that the world has to change, not them, or is it all down to them. Not always black and white.

Question 10

Internal locus of control

Answer 10

believe that the have agency in their behaviour and ability to influence the world about them
o Found to adjust better to illness
o Downsides – can feel very responsible, guilty, self-blame.
o Health-behaviours – will probably have good management as they believe it is their job and that they need to do it, go to appointments etc.

Question 11

External locus of control

Answer 11

believe that they have little control over events and that outcomes will be determines by others or by fate
o Health behaviours – don’t think it’s their job so might not have as good control as someone with an internal locus of control e.g. diabetes

Question 12

area of the midbrain that is responsible for the control of pupillary light reflexes

Answer 12

pre-tectal area

Question 13

area of the midbrain responsible for providing information regarding eye movement

Answer 13

superior colliculi

Question 14

accomodation

Answer 14

the ability to adjust the strength of the lens, accomplished through the action of the ciliary muscle acting on the suspensory ligaments of the lens

Question 15

neurotransmitter that is present in high concentrations at the synaptic cleft in darkness

Answer 15

glutamate

Question 16

age-related macular degeneration

Answer 16

acquired degeneration of the retinal pigmented epithelium and subsequently the neurosensory retina and choroid which results in loss of central vision

Question 17

therapies for ARMD

Answer 17

Ranibizumab, bevacizumab

These are anti-VEGF drugs

Question 18

bitemporal hemianopia is caused by?

Answer 18

lesions to the optic chiasm. These can be due to tumours e.g. pituitary adenoma or meningioma, or aneurysms

Question 19

spinal level of the hyoid bone

Answer 19

C3

Question 20

spinal level of the thyroid cartilage

Answer 20

C4

Question 21

Spinal level of the cricoid cartilage

Answer 21

C6

Question 22

level at which the trachea bifurcates

Answer 22

T4

Question 23

recesses in which fish bones are likely to get caught

Answer 23

piriform fossa and vallecula

Question 24

structures that would be damaged by irradiation used to treat oral cancer

Answer 24

salivary glands - dry mouth. Pharynx. Trismus - reduced opening of the jaws due to spasm of the muscles of mastication

Question 25

location that the parotid gland opens into the mouth

Answer 25

opposite the crown of the second upper molar. Its duct pierces buccinator

Question 26

location where the submandibular salivary gland opens into the oral cavity

Answer 26

lateral to the lingual frenulum, via the sublingual papilla

Question 27

where does the sub-lingual gland open into the oral cavity proper?

Answer 27

does so via lots of little openings in the base of the oral cavity

Question 28

what type of epithelium is the tongue made up of?

Answer 28

stratified squamous epithelium. The filiform papillae, which cover the top of the tongue are keratinised

Question 29

which extrinsic tongue muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 29

Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus

Question 30

which tongue muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve

Answer 30

palatoglossus

Question 31

which lymph node drains the palantine tonsil

Answer 31

jugulo-digastric

Question 32

drainage of the posterior third of the tongue

Answer 32

deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 33

two recesses in the pharynx in which fish bones are likely to become trapped

Answer 33

valeculla and piriform fossa

Question 34

muscle supporting the structures in the floor of the mouth and separating it from the mandibular region?

Answer 34

mylohyoid

Question 35

radiation treatment of tongue cancer would damage which structure and lead to what effects

Answer 35

salivary glands and pharynx would be damaged. | Lead to dysphagia and trysmus (spasm of the muscles of mastication)

Question 36

lesions of the optic chiasm result in which type of visual field defect?

Answer 36

bitemporal hemianopia | Causes: tumours e.g. pituitary adenoma and aneurysms

Question 37

lesions of the optic tract result in which type of visual field defect?

Answer 37

homonymous hemiamopia | causes: tumours, trauma, aneurysms of posterior cerebral artery

Question 38

other lesions that can cause homonymous hemianopia

Answer 38

lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus, the optic radiation or the visual cortex

Question 39

eye function carried out by the superior colliculus

Answer 39

eye movements

Question 40

eye function carried out by the pretectal area

Answer 40

pupillary light reflex

Question 41

what is the swinging flashlight test used for identifying?

Answer 41

Asymmetry of afferent input in the pupillary light reflex - Relative afferent pupil defect

Question 42

papilloedema is a clinical sign of increased ICP. Causes?

Answer 42

tumours, malignant hypertension, head injury, haemorrhage | Papilloedema - visible distortion of the optic disk

Question 43

three layers of the meninges are known as what where it comes to the optic nerve

Answer 43

outer sheath, intermediate sheath and the inner sheath

Question 44

what use would the light reflex be clinically?

Answer 44

screening test for brain injury and would suggest injury to the upper brain-stem

Question 45

neurons in the superior colliculus project to where

Answer 45

project to either: part of the thalamus for moving the eyes tectospinal tract for activating scalene muscles in the neck which rotate the head

Question 46

what type of epithelium lines the sinuses of the head, including the nasal cavity ?

Answer 46

pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 47

cranial nerves passing through the venous cavernous sinus

Answer 47

occulomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) and Abducens (VI)