Week 5 Lectures Flashcards
1
Q
neuroscience (2)
A
- scientific study of nervous system
- has many different subdisciplines including biopsychology
2
Q
biopsychology (3)
- what is it
- what does it assume
- what else is it called
A
- scientific study of biology of behaviour
- starts with assumption that brain is behaviour/cognition and vice versa
- aka behavioural neuroscience among other things
3
Q
What does biopsychology specifically mean in terms of its name?
A
- biological approach TO the study of psychology
4
Q
Who is Avicenna? (2)
A
- philosopher and physician
- gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, emphasizing unity of physiological and psychological disorders and importance of considering whole person when treating ailments
5
Q
What books did Avicenna write? (2)
A
- The Canon of Medicine
- The Book of Healing
6
Q
Who is William James? (2)
A
- “father of American psychology”
- trained as a physiologists, believed that study of psychology should be grounded in biology
7
Q
What is William James famous for? (2)
A
- James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- idea of stream of consciousness and for studying altered states of consciousness
8
Q
Where did the real birth of modern Biopsychology occur?(2)
A
- Montreal, Canada
- two hot spots of biopsychological thinking
9
Q
What were the two hotspots of biopsychological thinking? (2)
A
- Montreal Neurological Institute
- Department of Psychology (McGill)
10
Q
Who is Wilder Penfield? (3)
- what was his role
- what did he do/what was he famous for (2)
A
- headed Montreal Neurological Institute
- famous for treating epilepsy
- mapped the brain
11
Q
How did Wilder Penfield map the brain? (3)
A
- by using electrical stimulation to illicit movement in different parts of the body
- created somatotopic map by stimulating certain brain areas to create touch in certain parts of the body
- connected temporal lobe to memory by eliciting memories when stimulating the temporal lobes
12
Q
homunculus
A
- “little man”
- shows somatotopic mapping of the body across the primary somatosensory cortex
13
Q
Who is Donald Hebb?
A
- head of Department of Psychology at McGill
14
Q
What are the most common nonhuman animals used as subjects of biopsychological research? (2)
A
- rats are most frequently used
- mice, cats, dogs, and nonhuman primates are also widely studied
15
Q
What are the two most common positions regarding animal experimentation? (2)
A
- IN SUPPORT OF NON-HUMAN EXPERIMENTS: they will produce such great benefits for humanity that they are morally acceptable
- OPPOSED TO NON-HUMAN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS: the level of suffering and number of animals involved are both so high that the benefits to humanity don’t provide moral justification
16
Q
What are the six divisions of biopsychology? (6)
A
- Physiological Psychology
- Psychopharmacology
- Neuropsychology
- Psychophysiology
- Comparative Psychology
- Cognitive Neuroscience
17
Q
Physiological Psychology (2)
A
- study mechanisms of behaviour through direct manipulation of the brain
- can be done through brain lesions on non-human subjects, implants of electrodes to stimulate parts of the brain in non-human subjects
18
Q
Psychopharmacology (2)
A
- focuses on manipulation of neural activity and behaviour with drugs
- administer drugs to human or non-human subject to see effects on behaviour
19
Q
Neuropsychology (2)
A
- studies psychological effects of brain damage in human behaviour
- interested in case studies of human subjects
20
Q
Psychophysiology (2)
A
- studies relationship between physiological activity and psychological processes in humans
- use EEG machines to record electrical activity of. the surface of the brain
21
Q
Comparative Psychology
A
- compares behaviours of different species to understand evolution, genetics and adaptiveness of behaviour
22
Q
Cognitive Neuroscience (2)
A
- studies neural bases of cognition: thought, memory, attention, complex perceptual processes and more
- use modern imaging techniques (fMRI, PET scan)
23
Q
What are the 2 general types of cells in the nervous system? (2)
A
- neurons
- glia cells
24
Q
What are three types of glia cells? (3)
A
- astroglia
- oligodendrocyte
- microglia
25
astroglia
- synaptic plasticity
26
oligodendrocyte
- myelinate axons and neruons
27
microglia
- take care of garbage collection
28
dendritic spines
- small protuberances on dendrite where synapses are formed
| - display considerable plasticity (change shape and form quite rapidly)
29
nodes of ranvier
- space inbetween myelin sheath wrappings
30
postsynaptic side
- cell that is receiving chemical transmission
| - has receptors
31
presynaptic side
- cell sending chemical transmissions
| - contains vesicles that contain neurotransmitter molecules
32
axosecretory synapses
- axon terminal secretes directly into bloodstream
33
axoaxonic synapses
- axon terminal secretes into another axon
34
axondendritic synapses
- exon terminal ends on a dendrite spine
35
axoextracellular synapses
- axon with no connection secretes into extracellular fluid
36
axosomatic synapses
- axon terminal ends on soma
37
axosynaptic synapses
- axon terminal ends on another axon terminal
38
What are the 3 general types of neurons?
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
3. interneurons
39
sensory neurons
- carry information from sensory organelles to nervous system
40
motor neurons
- carry signals out of nervous system and makes synapses onto muscles of body
41
interneurons
- found within central nervous system carrying information within the nervous system
42
What two divisions is the vertebrae nervous system (NS) composed of? (2)
1. central nervous system (CNS)
| 2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
43
What is the CNS composed of?
- brain and spinal cord
44
What is the PNS composed of? (2)
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
| - Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
45
What does the somatic nervous system do? (3)
- interacts with external environment
- afferent nerves carry sensory signals from skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, etc into the CNS
- also has efferent nerves that carry motor signals from CNS out to skeletal muscles
46
What does the autonomic nervous system do? (3)
- participates in regulation of internal environment
- afferent nerves carry sensor signals from internal organs to CNS
- also has efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs
47
What are the two types of efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system? (2)
- sympathetic nerves
| - parasympathetic nerves
48
What do sympathetic nerves do?
- mobilize energy resources in threatening situations (eg. via adrenal gland)
49
What do parasympathetic nerves do?
- act to conserve energy
50
What areas does the spinal cord comprise of? (2)
- inner H-shaped core of gray matter
| - surrounding area of white matter
51
What is the grey matter inside the H-shaped core of the spinal cord composed of?
- cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
52
What is the white matter in the spinal cord composed of?
- myelinated axons
53
What swellings appear in early development? (3)
- forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
54
In later development, what swellings appear? (5)
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- meyelencephalon
55
myelencephalon (3)
- aka
- composition
- reticular formation
- aka medulla
- composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of brain and the body
- reticular formation: about 100 nuclei involved in myriad of functions
56
metencephalon (3)
- composition
- pons
- cerebellum
- houses many fiber tracts
- fibers and pontine nuclei create large bulge called the pons
- contains cerebellum structure that takes up 10% of brain volume but contains 50% of its neurons
57
mesencephalon
- composed of tectum and tegmentum
58
tectum
- in mammals, composed of 2 pairs of bumps: inferior colliculi and superior colliculi
59
tegmentum
- contains top if reticular formation, fibers of passage, periaqueductal grey, substantia nigra, and red nucleus
60
diencephalon
- composed of thalamus and hypothalamus
61
thalamus
- comprises many different types of nuclei, some are sensory relay nuclei
62
hypothalamus
- plays important role in several behaviours, also has effects on the pituitary gland
63
telencephalon (2)
- largest division of brain
| - most prominent constituent is cerebral cortex
64
cortex
- highly convoluted, increasing surface area while maintaining small volume
65
lissencephalic (2)
- smooth brained
| - characterize mammals
66
fissure/sulci
- large furrows in cortex
67
gyri
- ridges between fissures
68
cerebral commisures (2)
- few tracts that connect cerebral hemispheres
| - largest is corpus callosum
69
what are two major fissures that act as landmarks?
- central fissure
| - lateral fissure
70
What is the purpose of the central fissue
- separates front lobe and parietal lobe
71
What is the purpose of the lateral fissure
- separates frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobes
72
What are the four lobes of the cortex called?
- frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
73
What are the 3 major constituents of the limbic system? (3)
- hippocampus (memory functions)
- amygdala (fear and fear learning)
- hypothalamus (nuclei, some control pituitary gland)
74
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
1. Amino acid derivative hormones
2. Peptide and protein hormones
3. Steroid hormones
75
Amino acid derivative hormones
- synthesized from amino acid molecule (epinephrine)
76
Peptide and protein hormones
- made from short and long chains of amino acid respectively (growth hormone)
77
Steroid hormones
- synthesized from cholesterol (sex steroids)
78
gonads
- produce and release same hormones (androgens, estrogens and progestins)
- adult ovaries tend to release more estrogens and adult testes tend to release more androgens
79
What is an example of an androgen?
- testosterone
80
What is an example of an estrogen
- estradiol
81
What is an example of a progestin?
- progesterone
82
What signals regulate hormone levels? (3)
1. Signals from other hormones
2. Signals from nonhormonal chemicals (glucose increases insulin release)
3. Signals from nervous system (from hypothalamus); experience can affect hormone levels via this sort of signal
