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Fitness Assessment & Strength Training 2992 > WEEK 5 - muscle physiology > Flashcards

WEEK 5 - muscle physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure function breakdown of the muscle ?

A
  • muscle
  • mundle of muscle fibers
  • single muscle fiber (cell)
  • myofibril
  • sarcomere
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2
Q

where is the muscle fiber ?

A

in the muscle belly

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3
Q

where do muscle fibrils run ?

A

throughout the whole length (is the contracting unit)

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

muscle fibre = muscle cell

A

TRUE

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

muscle fibers have the same functional parts of the muscle cell

A

TRUE

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6
Q

what are the parts of the sarcomere ?

A
  • thick and thin filament
  • z-disk
  • a-band
    -I-band
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7
Q

what do crossbridges allow ?

A

allows muscle to change length (amount go overlap either increases or decreases) ; shortening or lengthening

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8
Q

what are the stricture function steps of the skeletal muscle ?

A

→ crossbridge binds → crossbridge rotates → crossbridge unbinds → crossbridge resets

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9
Q

what does each crossbridge contain ?

A
  • 1 ATP
  • 3.4 pN force
  • 10nm length change
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10
Q

define muscular strength :

A

force a muscle or muscle group can exert in one maximal effort

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11
Q

define muscular endurance :

A

ability of muscles or muscle groups to perform repeated or sustained contractions

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12
Q

what is muscular strength determined by ?

A

muscle size and neural drive

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13
Q

what does bigger muscle = ?

A

more crossbridges

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14
Q

what does more crossbridges = ?

A

more force

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15
Q

what is muscle endurance determined primarily by ?

A
  • increased capillarization (more blood flow)
  • increased mitochondria dir density/function
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16
Q

what does endurance do ?

A

maintain those muscle contractions (need oxygen; provides the muscle with ATP) ; how well can we utilize oxygen to make ATP

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17
Q

what does increased mitochondria density / function lead to ?

A
  • increased ATP
  • increased crossbridges
  • increased density
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18
Q

what is contractile function of muscle dependent on ?

A

fiber type

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19
Q

in humans, what are skeletal muscle characterized by ?

A

fast and slow twitch muscle fibers

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20
Q

what are the two types of fast (type 2) :

A
  • type IIx (fastest)
  • type IIa (fast)
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21
Q

define the fatigue resistance of type I (slow) :

A

high

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22
Q

define the fatigue resistance of type IIa :

A

moderate

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23
Q

define the fatigue resistance of type IIx :

A

low

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24
Q

define the ATPase activity of type I (slow) :

A

low

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25
Q

define the ATPase activity of type IIa :

A

high

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26
Q

define the ATPase activity of type IIx :

A

high(er)

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27
Q

define the contraction speed of type I (slow) :

A

slow

28
Q

define the contraction speed of type IIa :

A

moderately fast

29
Q

define the contraction speed of type IIx :

A

fast

30
Q

define the mitochondria density of type I (slow) :

A

high

31
Q

define the mitochondria density of type IIa :

A

moderate

32
Q

define the mitochondria density of type IIx :

A

low

33
Q

define the myoglobin of type I (slow) :

A

high

34
Q

define the myoglobin of type IIa :

A

moderate

35
Q

define the myoglobin of type IIx :

A

low

36
Q

define the force output of type I (slow) :

A

low

37
Q

define the force output of type IIa :

A

moderate

38
Q

define the force output of type IIx :

A

high

39
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

slow muscles has (greater or lesser) capillary and mitochondrial density, which supports aerobic metabolism and (improves or fails) fatigue resistance ?

A

greater & improves

40
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

replacement of contractile tissue with non-contractile material (mitochondria, capillary, etc) decrease _____ ___________

A

force potential

41
Q

talk about the “tale of two breasts: chicken vs duck” :

A
  • despite having a similar build and size, the two animals preform different
  • duck = more red (high myoglobin content)
  • duck = slow twitch (endurance)
  • chicken = fast twitch (sprint)
  • duck = 8 hrs, 800 miles
  • chicken = 13 secs, 300 ft
42
Q

what are the two ways tissues can grow ?

A

hypertrophy and / or hyperplasia

43
Q

what is hypertrophy ?

A

increase in the size of individual muscle fibers

44
Q

what is hyperplasia ?

A

increase in the number of muscle fibers

45
Q

between hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which is more difficult to grow # of cells ?

A

hyperplasia

46
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

predominance (>95%) of muscle growth attributed to _________

A

hypertrophy

47
Q

how is muscle growth accomplished (in regards to anatomy) ?

A

accomplished with an increased number of myofibrils per fiber

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

tissues can grow through hypertrophy and / or hyperplasia

A

TRUE

49
Q

what is hypertrophy ?

A

increase in the size of individual muscle fibers

50
Q

what is hyperplasia ?

A

increase in the number of muscle fibers

51
Q

what are amino acids that are delivered to the muscle used to form ?

A

amino acids delivered to muscle are used to form muscle proteins that comprise new myofibril s

52
Q

what is the myonuclear domain theory ?

A

each nucleus of a muscle cell is responsible for a finite volume of cell space

53
Q

in order for a muscle fiber to grow (hypertrophy), what much increase ?

A

the number of nuclei needs to increase

54
Q

what are satellite cells ?

A

quiescent cells that activate and enter the fiber

myogenic stem cells responsible for muscle regeneration throughout the lifespan

55
Q

what do satellite cells aid in ?

A

aid in tissue repair

56
Q

what do satellite cells donate ?

A

their nuclei

57
Q

TRUE OR FASE

satellite cells are similar to stem cells ?

A

TRUE

58
Q

what is the stimulus of muscle growth ?

A

exercise

59
Q

what is the adaptation of muscle growth ?

A
  • muscle protein synthesis generates new myofibrils within existing fibers (muscle hypertrophy)
  • satellite cells proliferate and differentiate to form new nuclei to support cell processes of now bigger fibers
60
Q

what does muscle respond (in specific ways) in response to ?

A

overload

61
Q

what do muscle growth stimulus responds to ?

A
  • metabolic accumulation
  • mechanical forces
  • immune signalling (inflammation)
62
Q

what is muscular strength based on ?

A

muscle size and activation

63
Q

what is muscular endurance based on ?

A

capillary and mitochondria density

64
Q

FINISH THE SENTENCE …

muscles adapt to exercise stimulus by _________________________________

A

generation of myofibril muscle protein and satellite cell differentiation into nuclei

65
Q

what are muscle adaptation stimulated by ?

A

accumulation of metabolites, detection of mechanical forces and inflammation

Fitness Assessment & Strength Training 2992 (12 decks)

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