Week 5 + Week 7

Question 1

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Symptoms

Answer 1

• Re-experiencing trauma (e.g., nightmares, flashbacks)
• avoidance of reminders
• hyperarousal (e.g., irritability
• sleep difficulties
• negative alterations in cognition and mood (e.g., self-blame, dissociation).

Question 2

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Risk Factors

Answer 2

• Type and nature of trauma (e.g., first responders, combat, sexual violence)
• gender (more common in females)
• physical injuries.

Question 3

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) Long-Term Effects

Answer 3

PTSD may lead to

• substance misuse
• chronic pain
• physical illnesses, self-injury
• suicidality.

Question 4

Substance Use Disorder (DSM-V Criteria

Answer 4

• impaired control
• social problems
• risky behaviour
• physical dependence.
• Alcohol and tobacco are two commonly misused substances.

Question 5

Addiction vs. Dependence

Answer 5

Addiction: involves compulsive use despite harm

Dependence: involves physiological adaptation to a substance.

Question 6

Concurrent Disorders:

Answer 6

• Many with substance use disorder also have mental illnesses (e.g., anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder).
• Collaboration between systems is essential for treatment

Question 7

__________ is closely associated with mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders

Answer 7

Chronic pain

Question 8

Pain Cycle

Answer 8

Chronic pain can lead to emotional distress, creating a cycle that worsens both physical and mental health.

Question 9

Prevalence

Answer 9

Mental health conditions (e.g., depression, anxiety) often co-occur with chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia, migraines, and arthritis.

Question 10

Harm Reduction

Answer 10

• Focuses on minimizing negative effects of substance use rather than enforcing abstinence.
• Principles include non-judgmental service provision and empowering users to make safer choices.

Question 11

Relationship Between Physical and Mental Health:

Answer 11

Mental health:
- integral to overall health.
- Poor mental health is both a risk factor and a consequence of chronic physical conditions.

Social determinants of health:
-such as income, education, and social support
- impact both physical and mental health outcomes.

Question 12

Role of Rehab Teams in Mental Health

Answer 12

Interdisciplinary team includes:
- pharmacists,
- psychologists,
- psychiatrists
- nurses,
- social workers
- allied health professionals like OT/PT and OTA/PTA.

OTA/PTA roles in mental health:
- supporting self-care
- productivity
- leisure activities to improve patient outcomes.

Question 13

Schizophrenia
What is it?

Answer 13

Mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to each other

Question 14

Schizophrenia - Who does it affect

Answer 14

• 1% of population
• Men: late teens / early 20s
• Women: late twenties or early thirties
• Subtypes have been eliminated from the dsm -5
• Does not have core symptom identifying - like depression and anxiety

Question 15

Schizophrenia - Active symptoms

Answer 15

–> Active symptom for more than a month
–> the symptoms have to be at least be one of the first 3

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganised speech
• Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
• Negative symptoms

Question 16

Schizophrenia - Positive symptoms (adding to the person)

Answer 16

• Delusions: these are false beliefs that are not based in reality
• Hallucination - sensing something that is not happening in reality, can be in any of the sense but most common are auditory hallucination
• Disorganised thinking: word salad, refers to meaningless words being put together; don’t reflect a meaningful thought
• disorganised/ abnormal motor behaviour: not focused towards a goal: childlike, agitation, unpredictable, inappropriate, bizarre, movements

Question 17

Schizophrenia - Negative symptoms (away from person)

Answer 17

Flat affect: lack of emotion

Anhedonia: no pleasure in previously enjoyed activities

Alogia: lack speech/reduced verbal fluency

Avolition: lack of motivation / inability to complete tasks

Asociality: withdrawal from social interactions

Question 18

Schizophrenia - Recovery

Answer 18

• Living a meaningful and satisfying life despite the limitations imposed by illness
• Personal journey of healing
• Different than a cure
• Not an absence of symptoms
• Profound implications for mental health service delivery

Question 19

SMI?

Answer 19

(Severe mental Illness)

• Difficulty in self care
• Restriction of iadl
• Difficulties in social functioning

Question 20

SPMI

Answer 20

(Severe mental illness/Severe and persistent mental illness)

• Symptoms fluctuate in relation to stress
• Episodic, recurrent, or persistent features
• smi/spmi is determined by functional impact not diagnosis alone

Question 21

SMI/SPMI include:

Answer 21

• Schizophrenia
• Major depression
• Bipolar disorder
• Personality disorder that are severe

Question 22

Why does MH (mental health) stigma exist?

Answer 22

• Perceptions
• Media portrayals
• Focus on negative
• Negative stories are detailed
• Positive stories leave our details
• Victims of crime

Question 23

How is discrimination carried out:

Answer 23

• Bullying
• Physical violence
• Harassment
• Negative remarks
• Sociopath or violent in films and television
• Characterising a mentally ill person as weak and stupid

Question 24

Results of stigma

Answer 24

• Finding housing
• Discrimination at work or school
• Health insurance
• Delay medical care and treatment
• Self esteem plummets
• Bullying a long term relationship
• Finding friends
  Connecting to community

Question 25

Examples of Fixed ideas and judgements

Answer 25

- People with substance use and mental health problems are not like ourselves - They caused their own problem - They can simply get over their problem if they want to - A mentally ill person will never be able to succeed - You can not improve your situation

Question 26

What can be done about stigma

Answer 26

- Advocate - Education - Contact

Question 27

Borderline Personality Disorders

Answer 27

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture and leads to distress or impairment - A lasting way of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is very different from what is expected in the person's culture and causes problems or difficulties in their life.-

Question 28

Symptoms of personality disorder

Answer 28

- Pervasive and inflexible - Has an onset in teen or early adulthood - Stable over time - Emotional pain and distress - Affect impulse control and judgement - Destructive to interpersonal relationships

Question 29

Types of personality disorder

Answer 29

10 types: --> Odd, bizarre, eccentric 1) Paranoid 2) Schizoid 3) Schizotypal --> Dramatic, erratic 4) Antisocial 5) Borderline 6) Histrionic 7) narcissistic --> Anxious, fearful 8) Avoidant 9) Dependent 10) Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Question 30

BPD symptoms

Answer 30

- Unstable interpersonal relationships - Emotional instability and difficulties in emotion regulation - Impulsive behaviour - Suicidal threats and acts of self harm - Difficulty feeling emotionally connected to someone who is not there - Volatile interpersonal relationships - Lacks a sense of self - Fears abandonment - Intense bouts of anger, depression, or anxiety - Emptiness associated with loneliness and neediness - Self image that can change

Question 31

Dual diagnosis

Answer 31

Intellectual disability plus mental illness