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Fundamentals of Neurological structures > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Cognition

A

Ability to think, plan and solve problems

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2
Q

Emotions

A

feelings and reaction responses to thoughts, beliefs or experiences

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3
Q

Cognitive cortex

A

Planning ahead
Exercising judgement
Reasoning
Problem solving
Analyzing

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4
Q

Planning things 3 steps

A

working memory: hold a thought in mind
consider different possibilities/solutions
Come up with action plan

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5
Q

Prefrontal cortex is in control of…

A

inhibition of impulses
Orbitofrontal cortex

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6
Q

Perseveration lesion

A

can’t focus on anything else/stuck on something

Use STOP method

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7
Q

STOP method

A

Stop what you’re doing
Take a breath
Take not of what you are feeling (Observe)
Proceed, make a choice

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8
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
inferotemporal cortex
cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

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9
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Regulation of behaviours
- stubbing toe in public place vs. at home - what you’d say

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10
Q

Inferotemporal cortex

A

Faces
shapes
colours

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11
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

all of the emotions

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12
Q

Hippocampus

A

Long-Term memory

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear/anger

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14
Q

How does the emotional cortex help the cognitive cortex

A

helps make decisions
closely linked to decision making (cognitive)
linked to physiological system (hypothalamus)

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15
Q

cognition and emotion

A

Cognitive cortex can monitor and modify emotional responses
can regulate feelings

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16
Q

Internal emotions

A

your own emotions
2 way street - cognitive cortex knows how you’re feeling
1. emotions affect thinking
2. thinking regulates emotions

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17
Q

External emotions

A

monitoring other’s emotions/feelings
- facial expression
- body language
- mirror neurons

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18
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Perceive and understand body language

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19
Q

lesions affecting emotional cortex

A

in the amygdala
Flat affect
exaggerated emotional responses (decreased orbitofrontal regulation)

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20
Q

2 types of learning and memory

A

Declarative
Non-declarative

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21
Q

Declarative

A

Saying it
semantics - facts/figures
episodic - experiences

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22
Q

non-declarative

A

doing it - high five
emotional response - pre-programmed in brain, reacting in certain situations

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23
Q

four stages of declarative learning

A

acquisition
consolidation
storage
retrieval

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24
Q

Acquisition

A

taking it in (working memory)
deciding what to do with it

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25
Consolidation
making sense of it almost like sensation and perception
26
storage
putting memory somewhere
27
Retrieval
Getting the memory
28
Association areas
visual auditory olfactory Memories are stored all over the brain and not just in one specific spot
29
Learning tips for students
full night's sleep aerobic exercise after studying meaningful, focused, active repetition of material
30
Learning tips - what happens with a full night's sleep
consolidation of memory during sleep reinforcing pathways during sleep
31
learning tips - why do aerobic exercise after studying
stimulates blood flow and oxygen to the brain stimulates hippocampus to work
32
Learning tips - doing something meaningful
engage the body and mind as much as possible do something with the material
33
3 phases of motor learning
acquisition storage access
34
acquisition
practicing is a must
35
3 phases of motor learning - storage
motor skill memory stored in supplementary motor area don't need the cognitive cortex
36
3 phases of motor learning - access
requires activation of motor cortex, SMA, cerebellum and basal ganglia
37
SMA
stores motor or skill memory
38
Short-term memory steps
strengthening increased number of neurotransmitters and receptors
39
strengthening for STM
increased firing of synapses AP getting something down that pathway
40
Increased # of neurotransmitters and receptors for STM
sensitization at the synapse
41
how long is Working memory
seconds to minutes
42
True STM
minutes to days
43
Difference between strengthening and sensitization
44
How do we learn?
When a synapse is fired repeatedly, the presynaptic neuron responds by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter molecules This is sensitization
45
Long-Term memory
Synaptogenesis
46
Synaptogenesis
Making new synapses
47
Retrograde amnesia
memory loss of events occurring prior to injury
48
Posttraumatic amnesia
AKA anterograde amnesia can't recall events after injury
49
Wernicke's receptive language area
processing the meaning of language
50
Broca's area
expressive speech area
51
Broca's and Wernicke's area is found in which hemisphere
Left
52
Right hemisphere and communication
non-verbal gestures facial expressions producing meaningful gestures
53
Broca's area in R frontal lobe
non-verbal communication
54
Wernicke's R parietal/temporal lobe
understanding non-verbal language
55
Global aphasia
wipes out both Wernicke and Broca's area
56
Nervous system development stages
begins 18 days after fertilization neural plate neural groove neural tube neural crest
57
Neural tube
18-24 days, neural tube is the developed future brain and spinal cord
58
spina bifida
neural tube doesn't completely close
59
Spina bifida cystica
failure of vertebral arches to close
60
Difference between Meningocele and myelomeningocele
Meningocele = involves just spinal fluid Myelomeningocele = portions of the spinal cord bulge into the sac of meninges
61
what forms between 18-24 days in the neural tube
base of the brain are forming cranial to caudal
62
what forms in neural tube within 3 months (12 weeks)
brain and spine is formed
63
Synaptogenesis
adding connections and adding myelin Experiences movement
64
tips for seniors to help with memory
exercise (increase blood flow/hippocampus) diet sleep social interaction challenging yourself

Fundamentals of Neurological structures (7 decks)

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