Week 7

Question 1

Two ways to acquire a brain injury

Answer 1

direct
indirect

Question 2

Direct brain injury

Answer 2

from a disease
cells themselves cause the problem

Question 3

Indirect brain injury

Answer 3

Something affecting the cells
trauma - something hitting head
blood supply

Question 4

TBI - 3 ways to get it

Answer 4

head hitting something (car accident)
something hits the head (Punch to head)
non-contact injury (vibration)

Question 5

Hypoxia

Answer 5

decreased blood supply

Question 6

Anoxia

Answer 6

No blood supply

Question 7

Coup

Answer 7

first site of impact for the brain

Question 8

Contre-coup

Answer 8

opposite to the first hit site
More severe

Question 9

Why see stars when hit in the head

Answer 9

hit in Occipital region
for sight
start seeing things from brain injury

Question 10

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Answer 10

Widespread
range of symptoms due to numerous brain regions being affected

Question 11

Indirect lesions

Answer 11

heart attack
vascular problems
aneurism

Question 12

-oxia means…

Answer 12

oxygen

Question 13

Injury to the neurons

Answer 13

Neuron is CNS
the neuron swells
neurons burst
cell contents can then cause secondary damage to surrounding tissue

Question 14

What happens when a neuron bursts

Answer 14

cell contents are emptied into intercellular space

Question 15

Injury to the blood vessels - blood vessel damage to the brain

Answer 15

no more blood to the brain
pooling of blood, increasing pressure in the brain
inflammation
swelling
increased pressure on the brain causing secondary damage

Question 16

Encephalopathy

Answer 16

swelling caused by infection
swelling of meninges causing increased pressure on the brain

Question 17

CNS Axon Injury

Answer 17

CNS cannot regenerate
no Schwann cells to mediate growth

Question 18

difference between CNS and PNS

Answer 18

CNS
-lacks growth factors needed for
axon growth and regeneration
-CNS injuries have limited ability to
heal

PNS
-Contains growth factors that assist
with axon regeneration (Schwann
cells)
-PNS injuries can heal more effectively

Question 19

Levels of consciousness - Coma

Answer 19

eyes are closed
patient is unaware of environment
can hear everything someone says though

Question 20

Levels of consciousness - vegetative state

Answer 20

eyes open
unaware of environment

Question 21

Levels of consciousness - how can eyes open?

Answer 21

regulated by brain stem
specifically ARAS

Question 22

mechanisms of CNS Recovery

Answer 22

Axonal sprouting
activation of parallel pathways
Neurogenesis

Question 23

Axonal sprouting

Answer 23

healthy axons that are left after damage grow new connections

Question 24

Activation of parallel pathways

Answer 24

Activation of parallel pathways (rewriting)
neurons left take on new roles
strengthening
sensitization
synaptogenesis

Question 25

Neurogenesis

Answer 25

growth of new neurons through mitosis Only occurs in two places - hippocampus, olfactory new neurons need stimulation

Question 26

Effects of exercise of functional recovery

Answer 26

increases blood flow and oxygen to the brain all conditions can be improved through exercise Temporal lobe: -helps stimulate the hippocampus Frontal lobe -planning, working memory organization, focus (improved concentration)

Question 27

Neuroplasticity

Answer 27

Brain's ability to reorganize itself

Question 28

Therapy - forced use

Answer 28

Forcing client to use the affected side will force rewiring in affected side (synaptogenesis