Week 6 Flashcards
Carr (2019) Chapters 11, 12, and Chapter 14 seceons 14.4 and 14.5 (68 cards)
Why is the relationship between English spelling and pronunciation considered complex?
Because of historical changes after the Norman Conquest, the adoption of foreign loanwords, and changes in the English phonological system over time.
What are graphemes in English?
Visual symbols used to represent phonemes or allophones; they can be single letters or combinations like digraphs and trigraphs.
What is the difference between a letter and a grapheme?
A letter is a single character in the alphabet; a grapheme may consist of one or more letters representing a sound.
What is a digraph?
A grapheme made of two letters representing one sound (e.g., <ph> = /f/ in "photograph").</ph>
What is a trigraph?
A grapheme with three letters, like <sch> in "schmaltzy."</sch>
What is graphophonemics?
The study of the relationship between graphemes and phonemes.
What are the five basic vowel graphemes?
<a>, <e>, <i>, <o>, <u></u></o></i></e></a>
What is the difference between checked and free vowel values?
Checked vowels occur in closed syllables (with a coda), and free vowels occur in open syllables (no coda).
What is a “mute e” and its role in vowel pronunciation?
A final <e> that is not pronounced but indicates the preceding vowel has a free value.</e>
What are the free and checked values of <a>?</a>
Free: /ei/ (“made”); Checked: /æ/ (“mad”)
What are the free and checked values of <e>?</e>
Free: /i:/ (“Pete”); Checked: /e/ (“pet”)
What are the free and checked values of <i>?</i>
Free: /ai/ (“hide”); Checked: /ɪ/ (“hid”)
What are the free and checked values of <o>?</o>
Free: /əʊ/ (“note”); Checked: /ɒ/ (“not”)
What are the free and checked values of <u>?</u>
Free: /ju:/ or /u:/ (“cute”); Checked: /ʌ/ or /u/ (“cut”)
What happens to vowel pronunciation when affixes are added (e.g., sane → sanity)?
The vowel often shifts from its free to its checked value.
Give an example of alternation for <a>.</a>
sane /sein/ → sanity /’sæniti/
Give an example of alternation for <e>.</e>
obscene /əb’si:n/ → obscenity /əb’senəti/
Give an example of alternation for <i>.</i>
divine /di’vain/ → divinity /di’viniti/
Give an example of alternation for <o>.</o>
verbose /vɜ:ˈbəʊs/ → verbosity /vɜ:ˈbɒsɪti/
Give an example of alternation for <u>.</u>
consume /kən’sju:m/ → consumption /kən’sʌmpʃən/
What causes vowel changes in stressed monosyllabic words in RP?
The historical loss of /r/ in coda position, which alters the preceding vowel.
What is the free value of <a> in RP in pre-r words?</a>
/eə/ or /e:/, as in “mare”
What is the checked value of <a> in RP in pre-r words?</a>
/ɑ:/, as in “bard”
What is the free value of <e> in RP in pre-r words?</e>
/ɪə/ or /ɜ:/, as in “mere”
/p/, /b/,
