Week 6 Flashcards
Carr (2019) Chapters 11, 12, and Chapter 14 seceons 14.4 and 14.5 (67 cards)
Why is the relationship between English spelling and pronunciation considered complex?
- Because of historical changes after the Norman Conquest.
- The adoption of foreign loanwords.
- Changes in the English phonological system over time.
What are graphemes in English?
Visual symbols used to represent phonemes or allophones; they can be single letters or combinations like digraphs and trigraphs.
What is the difference between a letter and a grapheme?
A letter is a single character in the alphabet; a grapheme may consist of one or more letters representing a sound.
What is a digraph?
A grapheme made of two letters representing one sound (e.g., <ph> = /f/ in "photograph").</ph>
What is a trigraph?
A grapheme with three letters, like <sch> in "schmaltzy."</sch>
What is graphophonemics?
The study of the relationship between graphemes and phonemes.
What are the five basic vowel graphemes?
<a>, <e>, <i>, <o>, <u></u></o></i></e></a>
What is the difference between checked and free vowel values?
Checked vowels occur in closed syllables (with a coda), and free vowels occur in open syllables (no coda).
What is a “mute e” and its role in vowel pronunciation?
A final <e> that is not pronounced but indicates the preceding vowel has a free value.</e>
What are the free and checked values of <a>?</a>
Free: /ei/ (“made”); Checked: /æ/ (“mad”)
What are the free and checked values of <e>?</e>
Free: /i:/ (“Pete”); Checked: /e/ (“pet”)
What are the free and checked values of <i>?</i>
Free: /ai/ (“hide”); Checked: /ɪ/ (“hid”)
What are the free and checked values of <o>?</o>
Free: /əʊ/ (“note”); Checked: /ɒ/ (“not”)
What are the free and checked values of <u>?</u>
Free: /ju:/ or /u:/ (“cute”); Checked: /ʌ/ or /u/ (“cut”)
What happens to vowel pronunciation when affixes are added (e.g., sane → sanity)?
The vowel often shifts from its free to its checked value.
Give an example of alternation for <a>.</a>
sane /sein/ → sanity /’sæniti/
Give an example of alternation for <e>.</e>
obscene /əb’si:n/ → obscenity /əb’senəti/
Give an example of alternation for <i>.</i>
divine /di’vain/ → divinity /di’viniti/
Give an example of alternation for <o>.</o>
verbose /vɜ:ˈbəʊs/ → verbosity /vɜ:ˈbɒsɪti/
Give an example of alternation for <u>.</u>
consume /kən’sju:m/ → consumption /kən’sʌmpʃən/
What causes vowel changes in stressed monosyllabic words in RP?
The historical loss of /r/ in coda position, which alters the preceding vowel.
What is the free value of <a> in RP in pre-r words?</a>
/eə/ or /e:/, as in “mare”
What is the checked value of <a> in RP in pre-r words?</a>
/ɑ:/, as in “bard”
What is the free value of <e> in RP in pre-r words?</e>
/ɪə/ or /ɜ:/, as in “mere”
/p/, /b/,
