Week 6

Question 1

How many articulating vertebrae?

Answer 1

24

Question 2

How many curves in the spine?

Answer 2

4 total

3 movable

Question 3

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 3

31

Question 4

Abdominal muscles

Answer 4

Some sections linked by fascia and tendinous bands

Do not attach from bone to bone

Question 5

Many small intrinsic muscles act on head, vertebral column, and thorax. What do they do?

Answer 5

Assist in spinal stabilization or respiration.

Too deep to palpate.

Question 6

How many total vertebrae?

Answer 6

24 articulating

9 fused

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacrum

4 coccyx

Question 7

What are C1 and C2 called?

Answer 7

Atlas and Axis

Shapes allow for extensive rotary movements of head to side, as well as flexion/extension

Question 8

3 normal curves within movable spine (4 total)

Answer 8

Thoracic spine curves anteriorly

Cervical and lumbar spine curve posteriorly

Spinal curves enable it to absorb blows and shock

Question 9

How do vertebrae change in size?

Answer 9

Increase in size (diameter from cervical to lumbar due to lower back having to support more weight

Question 10

Bony landmarks of spine

Answer 10

Spinous process

Transverse process

Body

Odontoid process/dens (on axis or C2)

Question 11

Atlas

Answer 11

first cervical vertebra

Question 12

Axis

Answer 12

Second cervical vertebra, has dens (odontoid process)

Question 13

STUDY PICTURES OF DIFFERENCES IN STRUCTURE BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF VERTEBRAE

Answer 13

:)

Question 14

Lordosis

Answer 14

increased posterior curvature of lumbar (and often cervical) vertebrae

Question 15

Kyphosis

Answer 15

increased anterior curvature of thoracic vertebrae

Question 16

Lumbar kyphosis

Answer 16

reduction of normal lordotic curve, resulting in a flat-back appearance

Question 17

Scoliosis

Answer 17

lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of spine

Question 18

How many ribs?

Answer 18

7 True (vertebrosternal)

3 False (between sternal and floating, vertebrochondral)

2 Floating (at very bottom)

Costal cartilage

Question 19

All ribs attached posteriorly to…

Answer 19

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 20

Landmarks of the Sternum

Answer 20

Manubrium, body of sternum, and xiphoid process

Question 21

Where does most movement in the spine occur?

Answer 21

In Cervical and lumbar.

Some slight thoracic movement

Question 22

Movements of head

Answer 22

Movement between cranium and 1st cervical within other cervical vetebrae

Referred to as cervical movements

Question 23

Trunk movements

Answer 23

Lumbar motion terminology describes combined motion in thoracic and lumbar

Question 24

Cervical region ROM

Answer 24

Flexes 45 degrees
Extends 45 degrees
Laterally flexes 45 degrees
Rotates approximately 60 degrees

Question 25

Lumbar region including trunk movement ROM

Answer 25

Flexes approximately 80 degrees Extends 20 to 30 degrees Lateral flexion to 35 degrees Rotation approximately 45 degrees

Question 26

Movements

Answer 26

Spinal movements are often preceded by the name given to the region of movement. Ex. Flexion of trunk at lumbar spine is known as lumbar flexion, and extension of neck is cervical flexion Pelvic girdle rotates as a unit due to movement occurring in hip and lumbar spine

Question 27

Spinal flexion

Answer 27

Anterior movement of spine. In cervical region, the head moves toward chest. In lumbar region, the thorax moves toward pelvis.

Question 28

Spinal extension

Answer 28

Return from flexion or posterior movement of spine. In cervical spine, head moves away from the chest, thorax moves away from pelvis

Question 29

Lateral flexion (left or right)

Answer 29

sometimes referred to as side bending. Head moves laterally toward the shoulder, thorax moves laterally toward pelvis

Question 30

Reduction

Answer 30

Return movement from lateral flexion to neutral

Question 31

Spinal rotation (left of right)

Answer 31

Rotary movement of spine in horizontal plane, chin rotates from neutral toward shoulder, thorax rotates to one side

Question 32

Which posterior muscles of the thorax are involved almost entirely in respiration?

Answer 32

Diaphragm - responsible for breathing during quiet rest - as it contracts and flattens, thoracic volume is increased and air is inspired to equalize the pressure. - When larger amounts of air are needed, as in exercise, other thoracic muscles have a more significant role in inspiration

Question 33

Other thoracic muscles' role in inspiration

Answer 33

- Scalene muscles elevate first 2 ribs to increase thoracic volume - external intercostals further expand the chest - levator costarum and serratus posterior - inspiration - Internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, and subcostales contract to force expiration

Question 34

Atlantooccipital joint

Answer 34

- Formed by occipital condyles of skull sitting on articular fossa of the 1st vertebra - Allows capital flexion and extension

Question 35

Atlantoaxial joint

Answer 35

Atlas (C1) sits on Axis (C2) Most cervical rotation occurs here Trochoid or pivot type joint Most movable joint of any two vertebrae

Question 36

Minimal movement between any two vertebrae (except antlantoaxial joint)

Answer 36

- cumulative effect of combined movement from several vertebrae allows for substantial movments - gliding movement between superior and inferior articular processes of facets joints

Question 37

Vertebral movments

Answer 37

Flexion Extension Lateral Bending Rotation

Question 38

Intervetrebral discs

Answer 38

- Between and adhering to articular cartilage of vertebral bodies - annulus fibrosus- outer rim of dense fibrocartilage - Nucleus pulposus- central gelatinous, pulpy substance - Become less resilient with age, injury, or imporper use, resulting in a weakened annulus fibrosus

Question 39

What do intervertebral discs do?

Answer 39

Bear and distribute load Mobility

Question 40

Nucleus pulposus

Answer 40

- 80 to 90% water | - Compressive forces reduce water content and shorten the column about 15 to 25 mm/day

Question 41

Herniated Disc

Answer 41

- When the cartilaginous discs are damaged from an injury, normal wear and tear, or disease, they may bulge abnormally or break open. - If the herniated disc presses on a nerve root, it may cause pain, numbness, or tingling