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Week 6&7 (Respiratory System 1&2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the organs forming the respiratory
passageways in descending order

A

nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses; the pharynx; the
larynx; the trachea; the bronchi and bronchioles within the
lungs; the alveoli within the lungs

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2
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

the diaphragm

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3
Q

Major Components of the Respiratory System

A
  • Respiratory Tract (Airways)
    Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
    Oral cavity
    Pharynx
    Larynx
    Trachea
    Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
  • Lungs
    Left lung: 2 lobes
    Right lung: 3 lobes
  • Muscles of Respiration
    Primary muscle of inspiration: Diaphragm
    Other muscles: Intercostal muscles (muscles in between the ribs)
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4
Q

Structural Divisions

A

Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose → Larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea → Bronchial Tree

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5
Q

Functional Divisions

A

Conducting Zone: Conducts air to/from gas exchange sites

Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange (O₂ and CO₂ with the blood)

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6
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System Primary Function

A

Gas Exchange (Oxygen/O₂ in & Carbon Dioxide/CO₂ out)

Secondary Functions

Phonation (sound production)

Regulation of acid-base balance

Facilitation of sense of smell

Regulation of body water balance

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7
Q

Nose & Nasal Cavity

A

Passageway for air

Warms, humidifies, and filters air (lined with ciliated mucous membrane)

Contains olfactory receptors
(responsible for the detection of odorants helping giving rise to the sense of smell)

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8
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces in the skull

Reduce skull weight

Enhance voice resonance

Warms and humidifies inspired air

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9
Q

Pharynx (Throat)

A

Passageway for air and food

Moves food into the esophagus and air into the larynx

Resonating chamber for sound

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10
Q

Larynx (Voice Box)

A

Houses vocal cords (phonation)

Prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea

Glottis: Slit-like opening between vocal cords

Epiglottis: Flap of cartilage
* Allows air to pass into the trachea
* Covers the glottis during swallowing
* Prevents food and liquids from entering trachea

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11
Q

Trachea (Windpipe)

A

Supported by C-shaped cartilage rings

Passageway for air to enter and exit lungs

Lined with ciliated mucous membrane to trap and move debris

Branches into left and right bronchus

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12
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Branched airways leading from trachea to alveoli in lungs

Bronchi:
Left & Right Main Bronchi → Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi → Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi

Bronchioles: Smallest air tubes leading to alveoli
segmental bronchi / tertiary bronchi → intralobular bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles

-finer branches have decreased amounts of cartilage and increased amounts of smooth muscle

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13
Q

Alveoli

A

thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that open to an alveolar sac (resemble bunches of grapes)

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli

Gas exchange occurs here (simple diffusion)

Surrounded by capillaries

Alveolar Cells:
Type I: Thin cells for gas exchange
Type II: Secrete surfactant (reduces surface tension)

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14
Q

Lungs

A

Enclosed by pleura (double-layered membrane)

Pleural cavity contains fluid to reduce friction

Main function: Gas exchange

pair of respiratory organs- left lung and right
lung / cone shaped

located in the thoracic cavity

separated by the mediastinum

enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage

covered by pleura: double-layered membrane
*pleural cavity- potential space between the 2 layers
**intrapleural pressure important in mechanics of breathing

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15
Q

Diaphragm

A

Primary muscle of inspiration

Sheet of muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities

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16
Q

Conducting Zone

A

respiratory passages that conduct air to and from sites of gas exchange

composed of nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

warms, humidifies and filters inspired air anatomical dead space

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17
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

site of gas exchange (O2 and CO2 with the blood)

composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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18
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

Inflow and Outflow of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli

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19
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation Two phases:

A

Inspiration (Inhalation): Air moves into lungs
Expiration (Exhalation): Air moves out of lungs

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20
Q

Mechanism of Breathing

A

Boyle’s Law: Volume and pressure are inversely proportional
↑ Lung volume → ↓ Pressure → Air flows in
↓ Lung volume → ↑ Pressure → Air flows out

volume x pressure = constant

V₁ x P₁ = V₂ x P₂
V = volume of container
P = pressure within the container

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21
Q

During Inspiration (Active Process)

A

volume of thoracic cavity ↑

intrapleural pressure ↓

elastic tissue of lungs stretched
*lungs expand: intrapulmonary volume ↑ & intrapulmonary pressure ↓

differences in pressure pulls air into the lungs
pressure within lungs < atmospheric pressure

air flows into the lungs through the conducting airways
*air flows into lungs down pressure gradient
from a region of high pressure (atmosphere) into a region of lower pressure (intrapulmonary region)

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22
Q

During Expiration (Passive Process)

A

volume of thoracic cavity ↓

intrapleural pressure ↑

elastic tissue of lungs recoils
intrapulmonary volume ↓
intrapulmonary pressure ↑

elastic tissue of lungs relaxes
pressure within lungs > atmospheric pressure

air flows out of the lungs into the atmosphere
air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient
from a region of high pressure (intrapulmonary region) into a region of lower pressure (atmosphere)

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23
Q

Lung Volumes (Individual Measurements)

Study These Flashcards
A

measure the amount of air for a specific function
4 non-overlapping components of the Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

24
Q

Tidal Volume (TV): (air moved per breath at rest)

Study These Flashcards
A

volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
average normal value = 500ml at rest

25
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): (extra air inhaled)
maximum volume of air that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to TV average normal value = 3000ml
26
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): (extra air exhaled)
maximum volume of air that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to TV average normal value = 1100ml
27
Residual Volume (RV): (air remaining after full exhalation)
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration average normal value = 1200ml
28
Lung Capacities (Sum of Volumes)
measurements that are the sum of 2 or more lung volumes
29
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV + IRV = 3500 mL
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration
30
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = ERV + RV = 2300 mL
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
31
Vital Capacity (VC) = IRV + TV + ERV = 4600 mL
maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration
32
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC + RV = 5800 mL
total amount of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration total amount of air the lungs can hold sum of the 4 lung volumes
33
FACTORS AFFECTING LUNG VOLUMES AND LUNG CAPACITIEs
age: increase progressively to a peak at about 20 years, then decrease gradually after 25 sex: higher in males body size: increase with body size ethnic origin: Caucasians have higher volumes than Africans, Chinese and Indians physical activity: increase with training posture: greater in the upright posture than in the supine posture obesity: reduction in FRC and ERV
34
Minute Ventilation (VE)
volume of air breathed each minute or the volume of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute Formula: VE = Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume when Respiratory Frequency = 12 breaths/min TV = 500ml VE = 12 breaths/min x 500ml = 6000 ml/min = 6 L/min At rest: 12 breaths/min × 500 mL = 6 L/min
35
Dead Space
space in the respiratory passage where no gas exchange takes place air in the dead space is expired first before any of the air from the alveoli is expired normal dead space volume = 150ml air entering alveoli = Tidal volume – Dead space = 500ml – 150ml = 350ml
36
Alveolar Ventilation
total volume of new air entering the alveoli and adjacent gas exchange areas each minute Formula: VA = Respiratory Rate × (Tidal Volume – Dead Space) At rest, when respiratory frequency = 12 breaths/min TV = 500ml dead space = 150ml VA = 12 breaths/minute x (500ml – 150ml) = 4.2 L/min
37
RESPIRATION
Mechanisms to obtain O₂ from inspired air and deliver it to the tissues, and eliminate CO₂
38
Processes of Respiration:
Pulmonary ventilation Inspiration and expiration External respiration Gas exchange between air in the lungs and the blood Gas transport in the blood Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Internal respiration Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues Cellular respiration Breakdown of organic compounds (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) Anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration
39
The Journey For The Respiratory Gases
Inhaled air Alveolar capillaries Pulmonary veins Systemic arteries Body tissue Systemic veins Pulmonary arteries Exhaled air
40
Gas Exchange
Occurs by simple diffusion (passive process) Gases diffuse towards regions of lower partial pressure Partial pressure = Measure of the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid
41
OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
Oxygen is transported in the blood in two (2) forms: 1) Bound to haemoglobin (Hb) within RBCs 2) Dissolved in plasma
42
Oxygen bound to haemoglobin within RBCs
98.5% of oxygen is transported this way
43
Haemoglobin
4 polypeptide chains – each subunit contains a haem group 1 haem group binds to 1 oxygen 1 Hb molecule can bind up to 4 molecules of O₂ Each iron atom can bind 1 molecule of O₂ Fully saturated / 100% saturated: 4 molecules O₂ bound to Hb Partially saturated: Less than 4 molecules O₂ bound to Hb O₂ loosely bound to iron atom in haem group (reversible) Forms oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin O₂ binding occurs in response to high partial pressure of O₂ (PO₂) in lungs PO₂ dissolved in plasma determines the oxygenation of Hb to oxyhaemoglobin Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve
44
Oxygen dissolved in plasma
1.5% transported this way O₂ has low solubility in water, hence low solubility in plasma (plasma is 90% water) Dissolved O₂ establishes PO₂ of plasma and tissue fluids PO₂ of dissolved O₂ determines: O₂ loading of Hb in lungs Release of O₂ from Hb in tissues
45
Oxygen-Haemoglobin Dissociation (or Saturation) Curve
Relationship between blood PO₂ and % Hb saturation Describes % saturation of Hb in the blood at different blood PO₂ values S-shaped curve
46
100% of oxygen transported in the blood is bound to haemoglobin.
False
47
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three (3) forms: As bicarbonate ions Bound to haemoglobin within RBCs Dissolved in plasma ~93% CO₂ diffuses into RBCs 70% converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) Transported by plasma 23% (20-23%) binds with Hb to form carbaminohemoglobin 10% CO₂ (7-10%) dissolves in plasma
48
Carbon dioxide transported as bicarbonate ions
Majority of CO₂ transported in this form (70%) CO₂ enters RBC in tissue capillaries CO₂ + H₂O → Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) Enzyme carbonic anhydrase (found in RBC) catalyzes reaction Carbonic acid dissociates → Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) + Hydrogen ions (H⁺) H⁺ binds to Hb in RBC
49
Carbon dioxide bound to haemoglobin within RBCs
23% (20-23%) Combines with Hb to form carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO₂) Reversible reaction Occurs with a loose bond, so CO₂ is easily released into alveoli
50
Carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma
10% (7-10%) More CO₂ is transported dissolved in plasma than O₂ CO₂ is ~21 times more soluble than O₂ in water
51
One way in which carbon dioxide is transported throughout the body is by binding to haemoglobin.
True
52
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
Maintain normal levels of PO₂, PCO₂, and pH (H⁺) in the blood Respiratory centres located in the brainstem: Medulla oblongata (control centre) Pons Involuntary / automatic control of breathing most of the time Controls basic rhythm Regulates respiratory rate and depth Normal respiratory (breathing) rate for an adult at rest: 12 to 20 breaths per minute
53
Ventilation
Involuntary process Voluntary influence Dual control Involuntary / automatic but can be made voluntary Involuntary control: Don’t have to think to breathe! Voluntary control: Facilitates actions like speaking, singing, eating, sniffing
54
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
Nervous / Neural Chemical *Interdependent
55
Neural Regulation of Respiration
CNS controls respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth Respiratory centres located in brainstem Medulla oblongata (control centre) is the major rhythm generator Inspiration followed by expiration Nerve impulses to respiratory muscles cause contraction Higher centers of the brain (e.g., cerebral cortex) regulate voluntary control of ventilation
56
Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Chemoreceptors respond to changes in chemical constituents of blood Maintain rate and depth of breathing based on changes in O₂, CO₂, and H⁺ concentration Breathing is monitored by central and peripheral chemoreceptors Automatically adjust ventilation to keep blood gases within set limits

SPSC (12 decks)

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