Week 6 Flashcards by Marcos Rivera

Error-detection

The ability for a protocol or program to determine that something went wrong

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Error-recovery

The ability for a protocol or program to attempt to fix it

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ICMP

Is used by the router to communicate that data wasn’t sent back to the source of the data

Internet Control Message Protocol

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Ping

Lets you send a special type of ICMP message called an Echo Request

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How do you send a ping?

Enter into the command line “ping” followed by the destination IP address

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Traceroute

A utility that lets you discover the path between two nodes, and gives you information about each hop along the way

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What are two similar tools to traceroute?

mtr-Linux/MacOS

pathping-Windows

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mtr

Works in real time and will continually update its output with all the current aggregate data about the traceroute

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pathping

Runs for 50 seconds and then displays the final aggregate data all at once

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What are two tools to test transport layer?

netcat-Linux/MacOS

Test-NetConnection - Windows

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What are the two necessary arguments for nd (netcat)?

Host and Port

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nslookup

nslookup [hostname]

stands for name server lookup

Work as a check against the configuration of DNS servers

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What kind of server does an ISP give the user access to as part of the service?

Recursive name server

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Public DNS servers

Name servers specifically set up so that anyone can use them for free

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What IPs do Level 3 Communications use for their public DNS servers?

4.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.6

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What are the IPs of Google’s public DNS servers?

8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4

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What is a good use of public DNS servers?

Testing general internet connectivity by sending s ping request to one

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Registrar

An organization responsible for assigning individual domain names to other organizations or individuals

Hosts files

A flat file that contains, on each line, a network address followed by the host name it can be referred to as

Loopback address

A way of sending network traffic to yourself

IP is 127.0.0.1

Configured on an entry in a host file

What is a popular way viruses disrupt and redirect user traffic

Host files

What are examined before a DNS resolution attempt occurs on just about every major OS?

Host files

Cloud computing

A technological approach where computing resources are provisioned in a shareable way, so that lots of users get what they need, when they need it

A model in computing where large clusters of machines let us use the total resources available in a better way

Virtualization

A single physical machine called a host country!d run many individual virtual instances, called guests

Hypervisor

A piece of software that runs and manages virtual machines, while also offering these guests a virtual operating platform that's indistinguishable from actual hardware

Public cloud

A large cluster of machines run by another company

Private cloud

Used by a single large corporation and generally physically hosted on its own premises

Hybrid cloud

Term used to describe situations where companies might run things like their most sensitive proprietary technologies on a private cloud, while entrusting their less sensitive servers to a public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS)

You shouldn't have to worry about building your own network or your own servers

Platform as a Service (PAAS)

A subset of cloud computing where a platform is provided for customers to run their services

Software as a Service (SAAS)

A way of licencing the use of software to others while keeping that software centrally hosted and managed

Cloud storage

Allows data to be held at multiple cloud storage facilities potentially around the globe which allows a company to grow their storage as needed without the headache of adding to their own physical hardware and monitoring the hardware components

What are the two rules for shortening IPv6 addresses?

1. You can remove any leading zeros from a group | 2. Any number of consecutive groups composed of just zeros can be replaced with two colons

Link-local unicast addresses

Allow for local network segment communications and are configured based upon a host's MAC address FE80::

What bits are reserved for the network ID and host ID

First 64 bits for network ID Second 64 bits for host ID

Traffic class field (IPv6)

An 8 bit field that defines the type of traffic contained within the IP datagram and allows for different classes of traffic to receive different priorities

Flow label field

A 20 bit field that's used in conjunction with the traffic class field for routers to make decisions about the quality of service level for a specific datagram

Payload length field

16 bit field that defines how long the data payload section of the datagram is

Next header field

Unique to IPv6 Defines what kind of header is immediately after this current one

Hop limit field

8 bit field identical in purpose to the TTL field in an IPv4 header

How to tell if an IPv6 address is correlated with an IPv4 address?

The IPv6 address starts with 80 zeros and is followed by 16 ones. The remaining 32 digits are the IPv4 address meant to be represented

IPv6

Servers take incoming IPv6 traffic and encapsulate it within traditional IPv4 datagram

IPv6 tunnel broker

Companies that provide IPv6 tunnel!ing endpoints for you, so you don't have to introduce additional equipment to your network