week 6 cardiac (pipes pt. 2)

Question 1

what is venous duplex ultrasonography `

Answer 1

its used to assess blood flow

Question 1

what does the D-dimer blood test test for

Answer 1

marker of coagulation and fibrin breakdown

Question 2

what are the 3 main health problems that alter blood flow in the veins

Answer 2

1. formation of a thrombus
2. defective valves (varicose veins)
3. skeletal muscles don’t contract to help pump blood to veins

Question 3

what is virchows triad

Answer 3

stasis of blood flow
endothelial injury
hypercoaguability

Question 4

what are the main risk factors for DVT

Answer 4

prolonged sitting
bedrest

Question 5

what are the main symptoms of DVT

Answer 5

unilateral leg edema
pain
hot to touch
systemic temp
positive homens

Question 6

what is Homens

Answer 6

flexion causes pain which indicates DVT

Question 7

what causes venous ulcers

Answer 7

basically damaged valves in the veins resulting in retrograde blood flow, blood pools in the legs

Question 8

what would a venous ulcer look like

Answer 8

• dull apin
• perish efema
  irregular borders with lots of drainage

Question 9

what are the main intervenitions for a stable patient with DVT

Answer 9

• heparin, warfarin
• blood coagulation tests (PTT and INR)
  DOAC (direct oral anticoagulants) like apixaban

Question 10

what is the 3 main interventions for widespread/large DVT

Answer 10

thrombolytic therapy (use cath for direct approach)
thrombectomy
inferior vena cava infiltration

Question 11

what is a thrombectomy

Answer 11

surgery to remove clot

Question 12

what is an inferior vena cava infiltration

Answer 12

done to prevent PE, filtration device inserted into vein or SVC to prevent clots from travelling to the lungs

Question 13

should you use compression bandages with PAD or PVD

Answer 13

peripheral venous disease
(not helpful in PAD)

Question 14

when should someone with anticoagulant therapy call EMS when theyre bleeding

Answer 14

after bleeding for 10-15 mins

Question 15

why would you do superior vena cava filtration

Answer 15

only rlly to prevent PE

Question 16

why is the aorta so important

Answer 16

its the largest artery which means its under lots of pressure

Question 17

what is an aortic aneurism

Answer 17

dilation of the arterial wall

Question 18

what are the two types of aneurism

Answer 18

abdominal aortic aneurism (back pain with pulsatile mass and audible bruits)
thoracic aneurism (not rlly symptomatic)

Question 19

what is the worst case scenario with aortic aneurism

Answer 19

rupture of aortic aneurism

Question 20

what places can an aortic aneurism rupture, which is worse?

Answer 20

anterior: bleeds fast into abdominal cavity (worst one)
posterior: bleeds into retroperitoneal space

Question 21

why should you maintain BP as best as possible for an aortic aneurism

Answer 21

because lower pressure = less stress on arterial wall

Question 22

what is the surgical intervention for an aortic aneurism

Answer 22

synthetic graft inserted and native wall closed around graft

Question 23

whats the time limit for an aortic aneurysm surgical repair

Answer 23

35-40 mins because clamps need to be removed so that organs can be perfused

Question 24

what is an endovascular graft procedure

Answer 24

basically stents put to help with aneurism to help with aortic aneurism (through femoral artery catheter)

Question 25

what are the three main things to educate patients on after end-vascular repair

Answer 25

- no stairs - no heavy lifting - no driving

Question 26

what is an aortic dissection

Answer 26

tearing of the inner layer of aorta and blood spurts everywhere

Question 27

what are the two main types of aortic dissection

Answer 27

- aortic arch: lack of blood flow to the brain - descending aorta: decreased tissue perfusion to abd organs and lower extremities

Question 28

what are the main interventions for aortic dissection

Answer 28

- immediate bed rest - control BP - pain management - monitor u/o - consider changes in peripheral circulation