Week 6 - Prevention and determinants Flashcards
Risk Factors
predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life
Protective Factors
mediate or moderate risk factors
Key Protective Factor
Resilience - Ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment
do risk and protective factors directly influence drug use?
no
Pharmocology
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Tobacco use patterns
never smoked - increasing
smoked previously - no change
smoke daily - decreasing
which drug was the leading cause of drug induced deaths in Australia?
pharmaceutical opiods
are males or females more likely to die due to drug-induced deaths?
males
Take-Home Naloxone
- Opioid antagonist
- Supplied through needle syringe programs
- Over the counter and prescription
Two types of Naloxone
Prenoxad - intramuscular administration at 400ug doses in 0.4 ml (2mg/2ml syringe)
Nyxoid - intranasal administration at 1.8 mg in 0.1 ml
Determinants
The range of risk and protective factors that make someone more or less likely to develop a drug use disorder
different types of risk factors
- Analogous to a snowball (earlier onset has a
cumulative effect on subsequent, longer term risk trajectory) - snowstorm (multiple risks experienced concurrently that increase likelihood of harmful
drug use)
Major risk & protective factors
Prior to birth
Risk:
- social disadvantage
- family breakdown
- genetic influences
- maternal smoking & alcohol use
Protective:
- born outside of Australia
Risk factors
SES
- Social disadvantage / low SES
- Highest drug use and problems exist in areas with low SES characteristic
- economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict, negatively influencing physical and mental health, well-being, coping, and competence
which drug is most used in low ses individuals
tobacco
Different SES and drug type
More advantaged: cocaine (6.1x), hallucinogens (3.9x), inhalents (2.8x) and pharmaceutical stimulants (2.7x)
less advantaged: pain-relievers and opiods (1.6x)
x = times more likely
14-17 year olds and 18-24 year olds
- decline in the proportion of people aged 14–17 who consumed alcohol at risky levels, from 9.5% to just 5.5% in 2022–2023.
- Illicit use of drugs higher among young females than young males for the first time
Risk factors
Trauma
- Children affected by abuse or neglect have a
higher risk of problems later in life
Risk factors
Genetics
- Variations in the metabolism of substances
◦ Temperament
◦ Behavioural problems
◦ Personality factors
Protective factors
Ethnicity
- family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision
- Also can be a risk factor: Low SES communities, family trauma, social isolation.
- Indigenous risk factors: Related to poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession & exclusion, & some other cultural factors (sharing culture, no traditional rules for alc)
Aboriginal people and harmful levels of drinking
generally drink less than non-indigenous but those that do are more likely to drink at harmful levels
Major risk & protective factors
Infancy/Preschool
Risk:
- Parental neglect & abuse
Protective:
- Easy temperament
Major risk & protective factors
Primary school (5-11yrs)
Risk:
- Early school failure
- Conduct disorder
- Aggression
Protective:
- Social & emotional competence
- Shy & cautious temperament
Risk factors
family factors
- Parent and family drug use: parental role modelling risks (Modelling less influential than quality of relationships & parental family management techniques)
