Week 7

Question 1

What are phonemes?

Answer 1

Language sounds

Question 2

What are morphemes?

Answer 2

The combination of phonemes to form meaningful units of words (e.g. do, ing)

Question 3

What is Lexicon?

Answer 3

Memory store that contains words and their meanings.

Question 4

What is syntax

Answer 4

Language rule of grammar

Question 5

What is semantics?

Answer 5

The meaning connected to words and sentences

Question 6

What is prosody?

Answer 6

Vocal intonation, the tone of voice. Can modify the literal meaning of words by varying stress, speech, and rhythm.

Question 7

What is discourse?

Answer 7

The highest level of language processing, involves stringing together sentences to form a meaningful narrative.

Question 8

What are the 4 core skills underlying human language?

Answer 8

• categorizing,
• category labeling,
• sequencing behaviors,
• and mimicry.

Question 9

What is The Discontinuity Theory of Language Evolution?

Answer 9

Proposes that language evolved rapidly and appeared suddenly, occurring in modern humans in the last 200,000 years or so.

Question 10

What is The Continuity Theory of Evolution?

Answer 10

Proposes that language evolved gradually because similarities in genes and behaviors of ancestral hominid species, when uniquely modified in modern humans, produced language.

Question 11

True or False.

Is the Inferior frontal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus associated with language?

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

What is Broca’s Area and its location?

Answer 12

Broca’s area, located in the left hemisphere, is associated with speech production and articulation.

Question 13

What is Wernicke’s Area and its location?

Answer 13

Wernicke’s area is a critical language area in the posterior superior temporal lobe connects to Broca’s area via a neural pathway. Wernicke’s area is primarily involved in the comprehension.

Question 14

What is the role of mirror neurons in language?

Answer 14

They’re responsible for our ability to mimic the sounds, words, and actions that comprise language.

Question 15

True or False.

Many right hemisphere regions also participate in language.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

What is the contemporary model of language comprehension AKA Dual-Pathway for Language?

Answer 16

It’s a model that states that temporal and frontal cortices are connected by pairs of dorsal and ventral language pathways.

So, a dorsal stream is involved in mapping sound to articulation, and a ventral stream in mapping sound to meaning.

Question 17

True or False.
Information from vision enters into the auditory language pathways via the dorsal and ventral visual streams and contributes to reading.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

True or False
Information from body sense regions of the parietal cortex also contributes to the dorsal and ventral language pathways, and likely contributes to touch language such as Braille.

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Answer 19

Propses that comprehension is extracted from sounds in Wernicke’s area, then passed over the arcuate fasciculus pathway to the Broca’s area to be articulated as speech.

Question 20

What is the role of the Dorsal Pathway in Language?

Answer 20

to transform sound information into model representation to convert phonological information into articulation.

Question 21

What is the role of the ventral pathway in language?

Answer 21

Transform sound information into meaning, to convert phonological information into semantic information.

Question 22

True or False.

If a word contains visual content, the web of neural networks connection for language also includes visual brain areas.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

Pick one of the options underlined:

There is a core language network that
consists of 5 modules each involved a particular function.

A. High level language activities, such as discourse will involve a. few or b. many functional modules.

B. Language subfunctions (Less complex), such as recognizing a sound in a word, will involve a. few or b. many functional modules.

Answer 23

A: b. Many B: a. Few

Question 24

What is Aphasia?

Answer 24

Refers to a language disorder apparent in speech

Question 25

What is Agraphia?

Answer 25

Refers to a language disorder presented in writing.

Question 26

What is Alexia?

Answer 26

Refers to a language disorder presented in reading

Question 27

What are the kinds of Aphasia?

Answer 27

Fluent, Non-fluent, and Pure

Question 28

What is Fluent Aphasia?

Answer 28

Are impairments related mostly to language input. disorder that can cause a person to say phrases that sound fluent but lack meaning.

Question 29

Wernicke's aphasia; Can and can't

Answer 29

Speech production remains intact Can’t comprehend words, arrange sounds into coherent speech.

Question 30

Transcortical aphasia

Answer 30

Can repeat and understand words and name of objects | Can’t speak spontaneously, can't comprehend words. Comprehension and Production

Question 31

conduction aphasia

Answer 31

Can speak easily, name objects and understand speech Can’t repeat words

Question 32

anomic aphasia

Answer 32

Can comprehend, produce, and repeat speech. Can’t name objects.

Question 33

What is Non Fluent-Aphasia?

Answer 33

Individuals with nonfluent aphasia continue to understand speech but has to labor to produce it.

Question 34

Transcortical Motor Aphasia symptoms:

Answer 34

Repetition is good | Spontaneous production of speech is labored

Question 35

Global Aphasia | presentation

Answer 35

Comprehension is poor | Speech is labored.

Question 36

What is Pure Aphasia?

Answer 36

Includes alexia, an inability to read, agraphia, an inability to write, and word deafness, a condition in which a person cannot hear or repeat words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a person is able to read but not write, or is able to write, but not read.

Question 36

What is Pure Aphasia?

Answer 36

Includes alexia, an inability to read, agraphia, an inability to write, and word deafness, a condition in which a person cannot hear or repeat words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a person is able to read but not write, or is able to write, but not read.

Question 37

True or False. | Incoordination of musculature of the mouth or hand are considered aphasic disturbances.

Answer 37

FALSE. They are not Aphasic Disturbances.

Question 38

What is the influence of the right hemisphere in language?

Answer 38

Left hemisphere predominantly mediates language skills. However, evidence from studies of split-brain patients have shown that the right hemisphere also has language abilities. The results of these studies show that the right hemisphere has little or no speech, but surprisingly good auditory comprehension of language, including both nouns and verbs

Question 39

What would happened if a person had a left hemispherectomy (Totally or partially removed)

Answer 39

Left hemispherectomy in adulthood produces severe deficits in speech, but leaves surprisingly good auditory comprehension. Reading ability will be limited, and writing is usually absent. Left hemispherectomy appears to result in language ability reminiscent of those achieved by the right hemisphere of commissurotomy patients.