week 7

Question 1

What is cognitive dissonance

Answer 1

the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes

Question 2

with cognitive dissonance, two belief are

Answer 2

dissonant when one is opposite to
the other

Question 3

Dissonance reduction strategies:

Answer 3

1. Remove the dissonant belief.
2. Reduce the importance of the
   dissonant belief.
3. Add a new consonant belief.
4. Increase the importance of
   the consonant belief.

Question 4

4 Dissonance arousing situation

Answer 4

choice, insufficient justification, effort justification( extreme behaviours breed extreme beliefs), new information

Question 5

Motivation to exercise personal control is predicted by two things

Answer 5

efficacy expectations and outcome expectations

Question 6

What are the two types of expectations?

Answer 6

Efficacy expectation: expecting to be able to perform the behaviours required to cope effectively with the situations

outcome expectation: expect positive outcomes

Question 7

Model of perceived control

Answer 7

self (agent)-efficacy expectation-> action (means)-outcome expectations-> control (ends)-perceived control-> cycle starts again

Question 8

Perceived control refers to

Answer 8

Pre-performance, in-performance, and postperformance expectancies regarding the
extent to which one possesses the capacity
needed to attain desired outcomes and to
prevent undesired outcomes

Question 9

Percieved control: beliefs and expectations the person holds that they can interact with the environment in ways that produce

Answer 9

desired outcomes and
prevent undesired outcomes

Question 10

Self-efficacy is defined as

Answer 10

as one’s
judgment of how well (or poorly)
one will cope with a situation,
given the skills one possesses and
the circumstances one faces.

Question 11

the opposite of efficacy is

Answer 11

doubt

Question 12

Sources of self reliance: personal behaviour history

Answer 12

believing they can complete a course of action stems from their course of actions in the past

Question 13

Sources of self-efficacy: vicarious experience

Answer 13

watching someone do what your attempt to do

Question 14

sources of self efficacy: verbal persuasion

Answer 14

When effective, pep
talks persuade the
performer to focus
more on personal
strengths and less on
personal weaknesses
and deficiencies.

Question 15

pygmalion effect

Answer 15

others imposed expectations become internalized by imposee

Question 16

sources of self-efficacy: physiological state

Answer 16

Expecting to fail brings certain physiological states: pounding heart, feeling flushed

Question 17

Effects of self-efficacy

Answer 17

1. Choice (Approach vs. Avoid)
2. Effort and Persistence
3. Thinking and Decision Making
4. Emotion Reactions (Stress, Anxiety)

Question 18

what is learned helplessness

Answer 18

• Psychological state that results when an
  individual perceives that events and
  outcomes in the environment are
  uncontrollable.

Question 19

What are explanatory styles?

Answer 19

Relatively stable cognitively-based personality variable that reflects the habitual
way that people explain the reasons why bad events happen to them.

Question 20

two styles:

Answer 20

optimistic explanatory style

pessimistic explanatory style

Question 21

optimistic explanatory styles:

Answer 21

Tendency to explain bad events with attributions that are unstable and
controllable

Question 22

pessimistic explanatory styles

Answer 22

Tendency to explain bad events with attributions that are stable and
uncontrollable

Question 23

learned helplessness effects : 3 deficits

Answer 23

motivational deficit ( decreased willingness to try)

learning deficit (Acquired pessimistic
mindset that
interferes with one’s
ability to learn new
response-outcome
contingencies)

emotional deficits (energy-depleating emotions)

Question 24

reactance theory

Answer 24

The psychological and behavioural
attempt at reestablishing (“reacting”
against) an eliminated or threatened
freedom.

Question 25

reactance theory: 4 things

Answer 25

1. both reactance and helplessness arise from outcome expectancies
2. resistance is rooted in perceived control, helpless starts from absence
3. a reactance response precedes a helplessness response
4. reactance enhances performance, whereas helplessness undermines it

Question 26

Expectancy-value model: value is defined as

Answer 26

e is defined as the perceived attractiveness of a task.

Question 27

value hs 4 components:

Answer 27

interest value (task enjoyment)

utility value (usefulness to ones goal)

attainment value (importance to the self)

costs (psychological barriers)

Question 28

Value intervention study: examined what

Answer 28

pParticipants are asked to discover the personal relevance of the course material

Question 29

IV vs DV

Answer 29

IV: value boost and DV: perceived value in the course

Question 30

Findings of the study:

Answer 30

For participants with relatively low initial course value, this value-boost intervention does seem to
increase course value, course achievement, and intentions to take future courses in this same area
of study.