week 7

Question 1

what did cyanobacteria do

Answer 1

evolve photosynthesis and formed stomatolites in proterozoic and some became chloroplasts for algae

Question 2

what did eukaryotes do

Answer 2

captured their chloroplasts

Question 3

where did land plants evolve from

Answer 3

within charophytes (group of green algae)

Question 4

what is a major event in terrestial ecosystem evolution

Answer 4

late silurian - small vascular plants such as cooksonia

Question 5

when did insects and tetrapods and forests with horsetails appear

Answer 5

devonian

Question 6

the massive radiation of insects, forests with ferns and seed plants began when

Answer 6

carboniferous

Question 7

forests with seeds ferns and gymnosperms appeared when

Answer 7

permian

Question 8

frogs, turtles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and stem mammals appeared when

Answer 8

triassic

Question 9

the jurassic was characterised by

Answer 9

angiosperm pollen, origin of crown group mammals

Question 10

what happened in the cretaceous

Answer 10

angiosperms displaced gymnosperms and the first birds appear

Question 11

when did modern insects, plants, birds and mammals appear

Answer 11

palaeogene

Question 12

when did megafaunal extinctions occur

Answer 12

neogene with global cooling and biotic homogenisation

Question 13

what is a tetrad

Answer 13

a spore in the ordovician that was moss like (bryophyte) non vascular

Question 14

what are the 4 major groups of vascular plants

Answer 14

lycophytes (no seeds)
ferns (no seeds)
gymnosperms
angiosperms

Question 15

what are the outgroup of ferns and seed plants

Answer 15

clubmosses
spikemossess
quillworths

Question 16

are true mosses vascular?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what were mid to late palaeozoic trees

Answer 17

lycophytes (no seeds)

Question 18

how did leaves evolve

Answer 18

from ferns and seed plants in microphyll and megapyll evolution

Question 19

whats the difference between microphyll and megaphyll evolution

Answer 19

simple leaf structure vs complex leaf

Question 20

what are ferns characterised by

Answer 20

megaphylls, fronds borne on a trunk and spore bearing enclosures under the leaves

Question 21

what did the devonian ferns evolve

Answer 21

complex vascular systems

Question 22

what did rhyniophytes have and when did they exist

Answer 22

during the silurian and devonian, they had simple branches and sporangia but no leaves or roots

Question 23

in the devonian when the CO2 dropped and O2 rose, what caused the mass marine extinctions

Answer 23

global cooling

Question 24

what characterises primitive pterosaurs

Answer 24

long tails, smaller body size like a modern bird

Question 25

what characterises derived pterosaurs

Answer 25

large size range from very large to modern bird size.

Question 26

what clade is dinosaurs

Answer 26

ornithodira

Question 27

what happened in the PETM

Answer 27

migration of primates and plants north evolution of small body size in mammal

Question 28

what was no characteristic of south america before great american interchange

Answer 28

mammthos and mastodoons

Question 29

what are whales and who are they closely related to

Answer 29

they are even toed ungulates related to hippos.

Question 30

what was vegetation stage 0

Answer 30

archaen eon when there was no evidence of vegetation in terrestial realm

Question 31

where did land plants evolve from

Answer 31

within charophytes (green algae)

Question 32

when were the earliers land plant macrofossils found

Answer 32

in the silurian and early devonian

Question 33

describe the microphyll evolution

Answer 33

intially, there is a vascular tissue with a protuding scale. then a simple leaf grows into that scale

Question 34

how many fern species are thee

Answer 34

12,000 species

Question 35

what key plant adaptation changed ecosystems in the devonian

Answer 35

stronger tissues vascular systems leaves stomata roots seeds

Question 36

what environmental conditions changed ecosystems in the devonian

Answer 36

less atmospheric Co2 more O2 forest canopies deep soils leaf litter

Question 37

when did terrestial arachnids evolve

Answer 37

devonian

Question 38

what is a key terrestial lagestatte in the early devonian

Answer 38

Rhynie Chert, the fossiles preserved in siliceous hot spring deposits. they are the oldest vascular plants and oldest insects

Question 39

what is the oldest insect

Answer 39

rhyniella praecursor

Question 40

what is the closest living relative of tetrapods

Answer 40

lungfishes

Question 41

when did the transition from fish to tetrapod happen

Answer 41

devonian

Question 42

what characterised carboniferous and permian

Answer 42

seed ferns, swamps, large radiation of insects (due to evolution of flight)

Question 43

when did amphibians (frogs) and amniotes (reptiles) split

Answer 43

carbonifeous

Question 44

when did the reptiles and synapsids (amniotes) split

Answer 44

carboniferous

Question 45

what did the synapsids lead to

Answer 45

mammals

Question 46

what was characteristic of triassic amphibians

Answer 46

larger size

Question 47

when did modern amphibians split

Answer 47

late carboniferous

Question 48

what is the order of groups that lead to mammals

Answer 48

synapsids > therapids > mammals

Question 49

what are gymnosperms

Answer 49

group of seed plants such as cycads, gingkos

Question 50

what are the 4 major groups of gymnosperms

Answer 50

conifers, cycads, gingko and gnetophytes

Question 51

characteristics of conifers

Answer 51

adapted to cold, dry climate (not podocarpaceae and araucariaceae needle like leaves with thick cuticles seeds within tough scales scales arranged in cones

Question 52

what were mesozoic forests dominated by (vegetation)

Answer 52

dominated by conifers

Question 53

when did moths, flies, wasps (holometabola) radiate

Answer 53

in the triassic

Question 54

when did the first frogs, turtles ichthyosaurs appear

Answer 54

triassic

Question 55

when did dinosaurs appear, radiate and what group

Answer 55

triassic in the ornithodira clade, and during the late triassic after the carnian-norian boundary

Question 56

why were dinosaurs rare through triassic

Answer 56

because other mammals, inverts existed and dominated

Question 57

what lagestatte is key in the cretaceous

Answer 57

chinas jehol group in northeast china as it preserves complete ecosystems

Question 58

what is the most common fossil in the jehol group

Answer 58

birds

Question 59

what are the 3 vertebrates that evolved true flight

Answer 59

bats, birds and pterosaurs

Question 60

what clade does angiosperms largely make up

Answer 60

fruit and flowers

Question 61

when were the oldest certain angiosperms

Answer 61

early cretaceous

Question 62

what happened after the K-Pg extinction in terms of isolation

Answer 62

4 large regions were isolated > Australidelphia > afrotheria > Xenarthra > Euarchontoglires + Laurasiatheria

Question 63

what happeend in the palaeocene eocene boundary

Answer 63

PETM - global warming event which impacted plants, mammals evolved smaller body sizes and northward migration of animals and plants