week 5 - fossils

Question 1

what are fossils

Answer 1

found in sediments, biomarkers (chemical evidence)

Question 2

what are examples of groups of fossils

Answer 2

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, silica, chitin and cellulose

Question 3

how can fossils be altered

Answer 3

carbonisation, permineralisation, replacement and formation of moulds

Question 4

what are trace fossils

Answer 4

they record the movement of organisms in sediments.

Question 5

what advantages do trace fossils have

Answer 5

abundant, occur in rock with no body fossils, no transportation, direct evidence of behaviour and most frequent evidence of soft bodied organisms

Question 6

disadvantages of trace fossils

Answer 6

organism can make many different traces, multiple organism make same trace

Question 7

what are the 6 key marine ichnofacies

Answer 7

trypanites
glossifungites
skolithos
cruziana
zoophycos
nereites

Question 8

what are trypanites

Answer 8

lithfield sediments or hard organic substrates, boring into hard sediments

Question 9

what environment are glossifungites found

Answer 9

intertidal and shallow subtidal firm sediments

Question 10

where are skolithos found

Answer 10

high energy shallow marine sands

Question 11

where are cruziana found

Answer 11

mid to outer shelf sorted silts and sands

Question 12

where are zoophycos found

Answer 12

shallow shelf to abyssal muds and muddy sands

Question 13

where are nereites found

Answer 13

bathyal to abyssal muds and turbidites

Question 14

animals with robust hard parts have what

Answer 14

better preservation

Question 15

between the archaen and proterozoic earth was covered by what

Answer 15

microbial mats, like stromatolites made by cyanobacteria

Question 16

in the ediacaran what was evident

Answer 16

ediacaran organisms that displayed lots of trace fossils

Question 17

why is the cambrian difficult to age

Answer 17

due to large amount of unconformities

Question 18

what is the cambrian (541 to 485)

Answer 18

origin and adaptive of all animal phyla with high background turnover rates. trilobites are most common fossils

Question 19

what is the ordovician (485 to 443)

Answer 19

adaptive radiation continues, trilobites edged out by brachiopods and ends with modest mass extinction. jawless fishes and insect origination

Question 20

what is the silurian (443 to 419)

Answer 20

plans and arthopods invade land, jawed fish evolution and GHG world

Question 21

what is the devonian (419 to 359)

Answer 21

appearance of insects, plans evolve woody stems and leaves and late devonian glaciation and diveristy crash

Question 22

what is the carboniferous (359 to 299)

Answer 22

age of coal, radiations of tetrapods and insects and crinoids dominant in oceans

Question 23

what is the permian (299 to 252)

Answer 23

recovery from ice ages, pangaea fully formed, ends with largest mass ext.

reptiles dominate, seed ferns and trilobites go extinct

Question 24

what is the triassic (252 to 201)

Answer 24

slow but large recovery for P-Tr events, appearance of turtles, dinosaurs and mammals - ends with another mass ext

Question 25

what is the jurassic (201 to 145)

Answer 25

mid jurassic radiation, dinos dominant, appearance of modern mammals and birds

Question 26

what is cretaceous (145 to 66)

Answer 26

radiations of angiosperms, snails and sharks. earliest deinfinte placentald and marsupials. ends K-Pg dino ext

Question 27

what is the palaeogene (66 to 23)

Answer 27

starts with adaptive radiation of mammals, major continents isolated and includes P-E thermal maximum

Question 28

what is the neogene (23 to 2.6)

Answer 28

no large radiations, dying and cooling trends and first appearance of hominids

Question 29

what is the quaternary (2.6 to now)

Answer 29

pleistocene and holocene, ice ages, appearance of Homo and includes megafaunal mass ext

Question 30

when did the geological time scale get established

Answer 30

early 19th century pleistocene fossils known in the 1700s

Question 31

who named the carboniferous

Answer 31

conybeare and phillips in 1822 and started in england

Question 32

who named the cretaceous

Answer 32

jean d omalius d halloy in 1822

Question 33

what is a first appearance event

Answer 33

marks speciation or immigration

Question 34

what is last appearance event

Answer 34

an extinction or extirpation

Question 35

what is the goal of biochronology

Answer 35

is the order of events

Question 36

what is a concurrent range zone

Answer 36

number of species existing at the same time

Question 37

Why is the sepkoski graph useful

Answer 37

Fossil record is summarise

Question 38

What is a disadvantage of trace fossils

Answer 38

Same traces appear over long periods of time

Question 39

What does the live vs dead study suggest

Answer 39

Live and dead animal abundances are well correlated Only a few species are common

Question 40

What characterises a lagestatte

Answer 40

Soft part preservation More articiulatiom and less bio erosion Hard parts are in one piece

Question 41

when did pangaea roughly form

Answer 41

permian

Question 42

where we the mesozoic periods defined using rocks

Answer 42

continental europe because there was lots of outcrops available

Question 43

when did the phanerozoic start

Answer 43

541 MA

Question 44

what was unsual about the start of the phanerozoic

Answer 44

bilaterian animal life

Question 45

why are barnacles a good group for correlation

Answer 45

easily recognised

Question 46

what cant be computed from age ranges

Answer 46

fossil collection counts

Question 47

what can be computed from age ranges

Answer 47

extinction counts, diveristy counts and speciation counts

Question 48

what are microbial mats

Answer 48

layered sheets of microbial colonies from bacteria such as stromatolites produced by cyanobacteria

Question 49

camels often...

Answer 49

camels often sit down carefully, possibly their joints crack cambrian, ordovician, siliriuan, devonian, carboniferous, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, palaeogene, neogene and quaternary

Question 50

what are the other zones that are problematic in an event sequence

Answer 50

assemblage zones (vague CRZ) abundance zone (random choice) lineage zones (anagenetic relationships, interbreeding interval zones (matching FAE or LAE in pairs)