week 6 - fossil record

Question 1

what does the fossil record tell us about patterns

Answer 1

existence of extinct forms, exact nature of morphological transitions, changes in biogeography and geological time scale

Question 2

what does the fossil record tell us about processes

Answer 2

the causes of mass exintictions, rules governing changes in biodiveristy and controls on changes in morphology

Question 3

who were the 3 lead scientists for macroevolutionary research

Answer 3

stephen jay gould, jack sepkoski and dave raup

Question 4

what was stephen jay gould known for

Answer 4

punctuated equilibrium model

Question 5

what is the puncuated equilibrium model

Answer 5

xyz plot that shows morphological change over time and that evolution occurs in short bursts

Question 6

what does the punctuated equilibrium model tell us

Answer 6

morphological change occurs during speciation, random drift takes over at this time and species dont change much over speciation events.

Question 7

describe the trend for fossil mammal species

Answer 7

during the cretaceous, equilibrium caused a lower limit for body mass. There is a strong trend for medium size species growth over time.

Question 8

describe the diverisity curves

Answer 8

the cambrian explosion was very fast followed by paleozoic diveristy being high and compared to the cenozoic radiation- its low. which means the net increase was small.

Question 9

what was wrong with old fossil data

Answer 9

not enough fossil data and not much variation.

Question 10

what was wrong with sepkoskis database

Answer 10

only recorded first and last appearances

Question 11

what is the competition based logistic model

Answer 11

diverisity changed a little because competition forces it to an equilibrium
- competition never stops
organisms in places with more resources thrive better.

Question 11

what is the edge effect for sampling biases

Answer 11

species counts peak in the middle

Question 11

what is the logisitcs model, why do big radiations occur?

Answer 11

big radiations occur when theres increases in carrying capacity, new regions with suitable resources is colonised, competition displacement (dinosaurs extinct, mammals thrive)

Question 12

what is a hiatus in sampling biases

Answer 12

extinctions cluster because no preservation is found between groups

Question 13

what is the signor lipps (extinction smearing) effect in sampling biases

Answer 13

diveristy loss seems gradual because of small sampling.

Question 14

what is the chance of surviving the cenozoic

Answer 14

12%

Question 15

what were the big 5 mass extinctions

Answer 15

end ordovician
late devonian
permo - triassic (P-Tr)
triassic - jurassic (Tr-J)
cretaceous-palaeogene (K-Pg)

Question 16

what was the biggest mass exitinction

Answer 16

P-Tr (83.5%)

Question 17

what was the P-Tr ext caused by

Answer 17

volcanism in siberia releasing CO2 causing global warming, ocean acidification and ocean anoxia.

Question 18

what might have happened in the P-Tr ext

Answer 18

might of been in pulses and maybe no major plant extinctions

Question 19

how was the triassic-jurassic ext caused

Answer 19

volcanism

Question 20

what major groups suffered in the t-j ext

Answer 20

no major groups other than already rare species with most losses in species and genera

Question 21

what was the cretaceous palaeogene extinction caused by

Answer 21

an asteroid impact in chicxulub

Question 22

how can well tell the K-Pg ext was caused by asteroid

Answer 22

the stratigraphic sections around the world

Question 23

what extinctions were experienced in the K-Pg ext

Answer 23

almost all species

Question 24

what happened after the K-Pg ext

Answer 24

climate change but no global mass extinctions

Question 25

what was the fossil record like before the cambrian

Answer 25

lots of trace fossils including metazoans and lots being bilaterian meaning small worms.

Question 26

what is the most famous cambrian lagestatte

Answer 26

the burgess shale, as it provides deep time perspective of the cambrian world.

Question 27

who discovered the burgess shale

Answer 27

Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909

Question 28

what are the three animal groups

Answer 28

Cambrian, paleozoic and modern fauna

Question 29

what is the cambrian fauna dominated by

Answer 29

trilobites which roam around the bottom of the ocean floor

Question 30

what is a linguliformea

Answer 30

a brachiopod group which can hold onto the seafloor

Question 31

when did the palaeozoic fauna take off

Answer 31

in the ordovician

Question 32

when is the herefordshire lagestatte established

Answer 32

the silurian

Question 33

what happened in the late devonian

Answer 33

a diversity crash, most surviving fauna were smaller

Question 34

when were crinoids diverse

Answer 34

carboniferous

Question 35

what are the key palaeozoic groupds

Answer 35

brachipods, crinoids and ammonites

Question 36

what are eurypterids

Answer 36

largest marine invertebrate predators

Question 37

what is a major groupd of brachiopods

Answer 37

Rhynchonelliformea

Question 38

what happened to brachiopods after P-Tr ext

Answer 38

survived the extinction, but diversity signficantly reduced

Question 39

what groups of coral went extinct after P-Tr

Answer 39

tabulata and rugosa (scleractinia survived - modern corals)

Question 40

what have a huge fossil record

Answer 40

bivalves

Question 41

what bivalves were abundant in cretaceous

Answer 41

rudists (huppuritid)

Question 42

how many gastropods are known

Answer 42

> 32,000 with a 1/3 being neograstropods (eat others)

Question 43

when did gastropods go through radiation

Answer 43

after the cretaceous to palaeogene (K-Pg)

Question 44

what happened to echinoids

Answer 44

barely survived the P-Tr ext but still exist

Question 45

when were arthodires common

Answer 45

devonian

Question 46

when did rayed fish become common and a radiation

Answer 46

carboniferous and radiation in the cenozoic

Question 47

what do tetrapods keep doing

Answer 47

going back into the ocean (reptiles, amphibians etc)

Question 48

what happened at the permo triassic boundary

Answer 48

diverisity crash

Question 49

why is bad to subsample (rarefy) diveristy data to single fix quota

Answer 49

results are compressed and dont vary enough

Question 50

using ..., is a bad idea for calculating extinction rates which are biases by edge effects

Answer 50

age ranges

Question 51

what are the big 3 mass ext

Answer 51

P-Tr, T-Jr, K-Pg permo-triassic, triassic-jurassic, and cretaceous-palaeogene

Question 52

what group barely survived the P-Tr extinction

Answer 52

sea urchins (echinoids

Question 53

the current mass extinction is facing what

Answer 53

over predation

Question 54

what groups evolved from bilaterians

Answer 54

snails, ammonites, sea urchins

Question 55

what group didnt evolve from bilaterian

Answer 55

corals and jellyfishes (cnidaria)

Question 56

what do brachipods look like

Answer 56

clams

Question 57

what is the multrivariate anaylsis by sepkovski

Answer 57

placing major groups like trilobites and clams into 3 large categories bases on diveristy patterns being similar

Question 58

what marine predators existed only in the mesozoic

Answer 58

plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs

Question 59

what happened in the cenozoic after the K-Pg ext

Answer 59

multiple invasions of marine realm by birds and mammals continued radiaion of gastropods massive radiation of ray finned fishes

Question 60

why are the permian basin fossils so unusual and important

Answer 60

silicied and fully 3d

Question 61

what is a count when we compare fossil samples

Answer 61

species present in both samples

Question 62

what are the big 5 ext in order of diveristy loss (highest to lowest)

Answer 62

P-Tr 83.5% T-J 61.3% Ordovician 54.9% Late devonian 49.9% K-Pg 49%

Question 63

what animal groupds experienced heavy losses in the K-Pg ext

Answer 63

mammals, vertebrates, fishes, marine invertebrates, plants and forams

Question 64

what animal groups were completely wiped out by K-Pg (asteroid)

Answer 64

non avian dinosaurs pterosaurs mosasaurs plesiosaurs ammonites rudists inocermids