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BCH 369 > Week 7: Digestion, Energy, And Glycolysis > Flashcards

Week 7: Digestion, Energy, And Glycolysis Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Digestion definition

A

The set of biochemical reactions that convert food (macronutrients) into bio synthetic building blocks or biologically useful energy

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2
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

In the mouth

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3
Q

Mouth
Mechanically mixed?

A

Teeth

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4
Q

Mouth
Chemically mixed?

A

Saliva

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5
Q

The enzyme that cleaves the olgipeptides

A

Pepsin

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6
Q

What happens to oligopeptides in low pH

A

Low pH denatures proteins making them easier to hydrolyze

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7
Q

What does bile do

A

Helps get lipids in solution where they can more easily be digested

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8
Q

What is proteases linked to

A

Proteins

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9
Q

What is Lipases linked to

A

Lipids

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10
Q

What is released from the small intestine when low pH is sensed (food bolus)

A

Secretin

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11
Q

What increases the pH of the homogenate

A

NaHCO3

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12
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Pepsinogen

A

Pepsin
Site of synthesis is stomach

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13
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Chymotrypsinogen

A

Active enzyme Chymotrypsin
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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14
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Trypsinogen

A

Active enzyme is Trypsin
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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15
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Procarboxypeptidase

A

Active enzyme is Carboxypeptidase
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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16
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Proelastase

A

Active enzyme is Elastase
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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17
Q

What happens during process of Pepsinogen to Pepsin

A

Hangs out in zymogen form until food arrives, decreasing pH which converts from inactive to active

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18
Q

What happens during process of Trypsinogen to Trypsin

A

Trypsinogen has intrinsic proteolytic activity, will spontaneously convert to trypsin. Trypsin then acts on other Trypsinogen molecules in turn

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19
Q

Why are enzymes not just synthesized in their active forms?

A

They could chew up proteins in the pancreas

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20
Q

Digestion of lipids

A

Starts with bile - solubilize the lipids

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21
Q

What does bile salts act like

A

A detergent to help homogenize and disperse fats

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22
Q

What form are most lipids in

A

Triacylglycerol
Form fat droplets
Bile salts disperse the lipids that that lipases can get to them

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23
Q

What does a high fiber diet do

A

Lower cholesterol

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24
Q

What is energy metabolism

A

Catabolism (break down)
Think of a cannibal

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25
Stages in Metabolism
Stage 1: Digestion - breaking down large molecules Stage 2: Forming Acetyl CoA Stage 3: Convert molecules to energy
26
Energy is required to meet 3 fundamental needs What are they
Power muscle contraction Active transport of molecules Biosynthesis
27
1. Metabolic Pathways
Control flow of energy and matter series of enzymatically chemical reactions
28
2. ATP is the energy currency of life
Controlled way to move energy around Ex. Na+/K+ pump coupled with ATP hydrolysis
29
3. ATP can be formed by the oxidation of carbon fuels
ADP + Pi double arrows ATP
30
4. Limited number of reaction types that involve particular intermediates (pyruvate) are common to all metabolic pathways
Redox, Condensation, Hydrolysis, Addition/Elimination, Isomerization
31
5. Metabolic pathways are highly regulated
By enzymes [s], [enzymes] type of enzyme allosteric effects/effectors
32
6. Enzymes involved are organized into large complexes
Subunits, G-Coupled Receptors
33
Catabolic
Spontaneous Combust carbon fuels to synthesize ATP or ion gradients
34
Anabolic
Non-Spontaneous Use ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules
35
How can thermodynamically unfavorable reactions occur
They can be coupled and driven by a favorable reaction
36
4 Types of ATP high phosphoryl-transfer potential
1. Charge Repulsion-many negative charges close to each other 2. Resonance Stabilization - Pi has more resonance 3. Increase in Entropy (multiple molecules made) 4. Stabilization by hydration - Pi as well
37
Exercise
ATP can only power muscles for less than a second Creative phosphate can regenerate ATP Then, ATP must be generated by metabolic pathways Substrate-Level-Phosphorylation
38
3 activated carriers
Carriers are kinetically stable in teh absence of specific catalysts (high activation energy) The metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a small number of carriers Activated carriers exemplify the modular design and economy of metabolism
39
NAD/P Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
Can be derived from diet or body can synthesize from tryptophan
40
NAD+/NaDH
Catabolic
41
NADP+/NADPH
Anabolic
42
FAD Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
Derivative of Riboflavin Becomes FADH2 Cosubstrate
43
CoA or HSCoA to Coenzyme A
Carrier of Acyl groups Acetyl CoA has a high Acetyl group transfer potential Transfer of acyl group is exergonic bc thioester is unstable
44
Big Idea of Glycolysis
Glucose to Pyruvate
45
Energy Investment
1st Phase Step 1-5
46
Energy Generation Phase
Phase 2 Step 6-10
47
Step 1-Hexokinase
Glut transporter does not recognize G-GP3 once glucose is converted it can no longer leave the cell
48
Step 2 - Phosphoglucose Isomerase
Aldehyde to Ketone Sets mlc up to be cleaved in 2 Rings opening of these sugars happens normally
49
Step 3 - Phosphotructo Kinase
Big Negative DeltaG Major regulatory enzyme for glycolysis Allosteric ATP coupled
50
Step 4 - Aldolase
Cleaves 6-C sugar into 2 Reversible Reaction Driven either way based on cellular conditions
51
Step 5 - Triose Phosphate Isomerasae
This run pushed forward by the disappearance of GAP is consumed in the next step
52
Step 6 - GAP dehydrogenase Reaction
Redox reaction Oxidize GAP to 1,3 - BPG Energy gained from oxidation will be used to add a phosphate from solution onto 3C molecule 2 step process that is not energetically favorable
53
Step 7 - Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Substrate Level phosphorylation Energy of oxidation of carbon atom is used to form ATP 1,3-BPG has greater phosphory transfer potential than ADP, Thusm it can be coupled to power the synthesis of ATP
54
Step 8,9,10 Phosphoglycerate Mutase Enolase Pyruvate Kinase
8. PO4 from 3C to 2C 9. Elimination (Dehydration) 10. High Phos. Transfer potential compound ADP + H+ to ATP
55
Net Reaction of Glycolysis
Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ to 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H+ + 2H20
56
Reactions of Glycolysis
1. Hexokinase 2. Phosphoglucose Isomerase 3. Phosphofructokinase 4. Aldolase 5. Triose Phosphate Isomerase 6. Glyceraldehye 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase 7. Phosphoglycerate Kinase 8. Phosphoglycerate Mutase 9. Enolase 10. Pyruvate Kinase H PI PF A TPI G3PD PGK PGM E PK
57
Anaerobic
Without Oxygen Yeast and certain bacteria pyruvate is used to produce ethanol In animals pyruvate is transformed into lactate
58
Aerobic
O2 is present Pyruvate is broken down into Acetyl CoA and further Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain Oxidative Phosphorylation
59
What can occur without oxygen
Glycolysis ETC and OX. Phos cannont Those two would normally regernate NAD+ but without 02 present the cell turns anaerobic fermentation
60
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Happens in you, when muscles are lacking in energy Oxidative ATP generation takes longer, so body defaults to this for quick ATP generation
61
Ultimate E donor in LAF
G3P
62
Ult e acceptor, lactic acid
Pyruvate turns into lactic acid
63
Ult e acceptor, alcohol
Acetaldehyde turns into ethanol
64
What does excessive fructose lead to
Obesity Fatty Liver Type 2 Diabetes

BCH 369 (10 decks)

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