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BCH 369 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Carbonyl with 2 or more OH groups
At least 3 carbons

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2
Q

Enantiomers

A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images
Have opposite chirality at every chiral center

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3
Q

Diastereomers

A

Flipping any number less than all of the stereocenters produces a diastereomer

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4
Q

Epimers

A

Special Diastereomers only one stereocenter differs

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5
Q

Anomers

A

Diastereomers that differ at the anomeric carbon

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

predominate in aminals
form alpha 1,4 linkages with alpha 1,6 branches

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7
Q

starch

A

predominate in plants
composed of amylose and amylopectin

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component in plants
monomers of glucose linked beta 1,4 linkages

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9
Q

Simplified Lipid Nomenclature

A

Chain length: # of double bonds( delta^positions of double bonds)

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10
Q

Omega Lipid Nomenclature

A

Relative position of double bond to omega carbon
Numbering originates at methyl end

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11
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

No double bonds

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12
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Double bonds

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13
Q

Structure and function of triacylglycerols

A

Structure: Glycerol backbone, 3 esterified fatty acid chains
Function: Insulation, energy storage

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14
Q

Structure and Function of waxes

A

Structure: Long chain alcohol esterfied to long chain fatty acids
Function: Energy storage and water repellant

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15
Q

Phospholipids

A

Components: Fatty acids, Backbone, Phosphate, alcohol head group

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16
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Components: Sphingosine backbone, Fatty acid, Polar head group

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17
Q

Steroids

A

Components: 4 rings of carbon

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18
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Nonpolar compounds only
Down concentration gradient

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19
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

down electrochemical gradient

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20
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Against Electrochemical gradient, driven by ATP

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21
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Against Electrochemical gradient, driven by ion moving down concentration gradient

22
Q

Ion Channel

A

Down electrochemical gradient
May be gated by a ligand or ion

23
Q

Ionophore-mediated transport

A

Down electrochemical gradient

24
Q

Uniport

A

One molecule

25
Q

Symport

A

Same Direction

26
Q

Antiport

A

Opposite Direction

27
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

ATP Hydrolysis

28
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Diffusion Gradient

29
Q

4 steps of G-Protein Coupled Receptors

A
  1. 7tm Receptors bind lingand
  2. Exchange of GDP for GTP activates G-Protein
  3. Effector enzyme produces secondary messenger
  4. Downstream targets activated/inhibited
30
Q

G Proteins

A

3 Subunits: alpha, beta, gamma
GTP bound state activates effector enzymes-inactive with GDP bound
Intrinsic GTPase activity

31
Q

Two classes and steps of Tyrosine Kinases

A

Classes: Intrinsic Kinase Activity, Recruitment of kinases
Steps: Dimerization, Cross-Phosphorylation

32
Q

Zymogens

A

Inactive forms of an enzyme
Typical of gastric and pancreatic enzymes

33
Q

Proteins how its broken down and released

A

Broken down by proteolytic enzymes
Released into the blood

34
Q

Carbs how its broken down and released

A

Broken down into monomers
Uptook by GLUT Transporters

35
Q

Lipids

A

Mostly insoluble-must be solubilized
Bile salts-emulsify fats

36
Q

Catabolic

A

Breakdown, Synthesize ATP energy

37
Q

Anabolic

A

Synthesize large biomolecules
Breakdown ATP

38
Q

Factors influencing ATP hydrolysis
3 things

A

Repulsion of charge
Resonance stabilization
Increase in entropy

39
Q

Activated Carriers of Acyl Group
4

A

ATP: 3 Phosphate, 3 Rings
CoA: 2 Phosphate, 3 Rings
FAD: 2 Phosphate, 6 Rings
NAD+: 2 Phosphate, 5 Rings

40
Q

What is the main goal of fermentation (Anaerobic Pathways)s

A

Main goal of regeneration NAD+

41
Q

PFK livers Effectors

A
  • ATP, Citrate
    + AMP, F-2,6-BP
42
Q

Pyruvate Kinase Regulation
Hormonal control in liver
and effectors

A

Hormonal Control
+ Insulin
- Glucagon
Effectors
+ F 1,6-BP
- Alanine

43
Q

Effectors of Gluconeogenesis

A

+ Acetyl Coa, Citrate
- ADP, F-2,6-BP, AMP

44
Q

PFK-2 what does it do

A

Increase F26BP
Stimulate Glycolysis

45
Q

F26BPase what does it do

A

Decrease F26BP
Stimulates gluconeogenesis

46
Q

E1

A

TPP

47
Q

E2

A

Lipoamide and CoA

48
Q

E3

A

FAD + NAD+

49
Q

Regulation of PDH
Covalent Modification

A

Phosphorylation of E1

50
Q

Allosteric Regulation of PDH

A

+ ADP, Pyruvat
- NADH, Acetyl CoA, ATP

BCH 369 (10 decks)

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