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BCH 369 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Carbonyl with 2 or more OH groups
At least 3 carbons

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2
Q

Enantiomers

A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images
Have opposite chirality at every chiral center

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3
Q

Diastereomers

A

Flipping any number less than all of the stereocenters produces a diastereomer

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4
Q

Epimers

A

Special Diastereomers only one stereocenter differs

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5
Q

Anomers

A

Diastereomers that differ at the anomeric carbon

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

predominate in aminals
form alpha 1,4 linkages with alpha 1,6 branches

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7
Q

starch

A

predominate in plants
composed of amylose and amylopectin

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component in plants
monomers of glucose linked beta 1,4 linkages

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9
Q

Simplified Lipid Nomenclature

A

Chain length: # of double bonds( delta^positions of double bonds)

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10
Q

Omega Lipid Nomenclature

A

Relative position of double bond to omega carbon
Numbering originates at methyl end

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11
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

No double bonds

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12
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Double bonds

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13
Q

Structure and function of triacylglycerols

A

Structure: Glycerol backbone, 3 esterified fatty acid chains
Function: Insulation, energy storage

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14
Q

Structure and Function of waxes

A

Structure: Long chain alcohol esterfied to long chain fatty acids
Function: Energy storage and water repellant

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15
Q

Phospholipids

A

Components: Fatty acids, Backbone, Phosphate, alcohol head group

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16
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Components: Sphingosine backbone, Fatty acid, Polar head group

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17
Q

Steroids

A

Components: 4 rings of carbon

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18
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Nonpolar compounds only
Down concentration gradient

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19
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

down electrochemical gradient

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20
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Against Electrochemical gradient, driven by ATP

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21
Q

Secondary Active Transport

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A

Against Electrochemical gradient, driven by ion moving down concentration gradient

22
Q

Ion Channel

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A

Down electrochemical gradient
May be gated by a ligand or ion

23
Q

Ionophore-mediated transport

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A

Down electrochemical gradient

24
Q

Uniport

25
Symport
Same Direction
26
Antiport
Opposite Direction
27
Primary Active Transport
ATP Hydrolysis
28
Secondary Active Transport
Diffusion Gradient
29
4 steps of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
1. 7tm Receptors bind lingand 2. Exchange of GDP for GTP activates G-Protein 3. Effector enzyme produces secondary messenger 4. Downstream targets activated/inhibited
30
G Proteins
3 Subunits: alpha, beta, gamma GTP bound state activates effector enzymes-inactive with GDP bound Intrinsic GTPase activity
31
Two classes and steps of Tyrosine Kinases
Classes: Intrinsic Kinase Activity, Recruitment of kinases Steps: Dimerization, Cross-Phosphorylation
32
Zymogens
Inactive forms of an enzyme Typical of gastric and pancreatic enzymes
33
Proteins how its broken down and released
Broken down by proteolytic enzymes Released into the blood
34
Carbs how its broken down and released
Broken down into monomers Uptook by GLUT Transporters
35
Lipids
Mostly insoluble-must be solubilized Bile salts-emulsify fats
36
Catabolic
Breakdown, Synthesize ATP energy
37
Anabolic
Synthesize large biomolecules Breakdown ATP
38
Factors influencing ATP hydrolysis 3 things
Repulsion of charge Resonance stabilization Increase in entropy
39
Activated Carriers of Acyl Group 4
ATP: 3 Phosphate, 3 Rings CoA: 2 Phosphate, 3 Rings FAD: 2 Phosphate, 6 Rings NAD+: 2 Phosphate, 5 Rings
40
What is the main goal of fermentation (Anaerobic Pathways)s
Main goal of regeneration NAD+
41
PFK livers Effectors
- ATP, Citrate + AMP, F-2,6-BP
42
Pyruvate Kinase Regulation Hormonal control in liver and effectors
Hormonal Control + Insulin - Glucagon Effectors + F 1,6-BP - Alanine
43
Effectors of Gluconeogenesis
+ Acetyl Coa, Citrate - ADP, F-2,6-BP, AMP
44
PFK-2 what does it do
Increase F26BP Stimulate Glycolysis
45
F26BPase what does it do
Decrease F26BP Stimulates gluconeogenesis
46
E1
TPP
47
E2
Lipoamide and CoA
48
E3
FAD + NAD+
49
Regulation of PDH Covalent Modification
Phosphorylation of E1
50
Allosteric Regulation of PDH
+ ADP, Pyruvat - NADH, Acetyl CoA, ATP

BCH 369 (10 decks)

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