Week 7 - Dissociative Disorders

Question 1

Dissociative disorders are….

Answer 1

a group of conditions involving disruptions in a person’s normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

Question 2

Dissociation only becomes pathological when

Answer 2

The dissociative symptoms are “perceived as disruptive, invoking a loss of needed information, as producing discontinuity of experience” or as “recurrent, jarring involuntary intrusions into executive functioning and sense of self.”

Question 3

DSM-5 recognizes several types of pathological dissociation. These include

Answer 3

depersonalization/derealization disorder,
dissociative amnesia,
and dissociative identity disorder.

Question 4

derealization one’s sense of ________________ is temporarily lost.

Answer 4

the reality of the outside world

Question 5

depersonalization one’s sense of ______________________ is temporarily lost.

Answer 5

one’s own self and one’s own reality

Question 6

In contrast to what happens during psychotic states, during depersonalization,….

Answer 6

reality testing remains intact.

Question 7

depersonalisation disorder the experience of being _____ from…..

Answer 7

detached from (and like an outside observer of) their own bodies and mental processes

Question 8

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Answer 8

A. The presence of persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization, derealization, or both:

1. Depersonalization: Experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions (e.g., perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/or physical numbing).
2. Derealization: Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted).

B. During the depersonalization or derealization experiences, reality testing remains intact

C. clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition

E. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder

Question 9

Retrograde amnesia is….

Answer 9

the partial or total inability to recall or identify previously acquired information or past experiences

Question 10

anterograde amnesia is…

Answer 10

the partial or total inability to retain new information

Question 11

If the amnesia is caused by brain pathology, it most often involves….

Answer 11

anterograde amnesia

Question 12

dissociative amnesia is usually limited to a failure to…

Answer 12

recall previously stored personal information (retrograde amnesia) when that failure cannot be accounted for by ordinary forgetting

Question 13

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dissociative Amnesia

Answer 13

A. An inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. Note: Dissociative amnesia most often consists of localized or selective amnesia for a specific event or events; or generalized amnesia for identity and life history.

B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., alcohol or other drug of abuse, a medication) or a neurological or other medical condition (e.g., partial complex seizures, transient global amnesia, sequelae of a closed head injury/traumatic brain injury, other neurological condition).

D. The disturbance is not better explained by dissociative identity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, somatic symptom disorder, or major or mild neurocognitive disorder.

Question 14

dissociative fugue

Answer 14

is a defence by actual flight. The person is not only amnesic for some or all aspects of his or her past but also departs from home surroundings. This is accompanied by confusion about personal identity or even the assumption of a new identity (although the identities do not alternate as they do in dissociative identity disorder).

Question 15

What’s the difference between Dissociative Amnesia and Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder?

Answer 15

Amnesia involves forgetting the self, where depersonalisation is a detachment from self.

Question 16

According to the DSM-5, Dissociative Identity Disorder entails…

Answer 16

a disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states as well as recurrent episodes of amnesia

Question 17

trance is said to occur when

Answer 17

someone experiences a tempo-rary marked alteration in state of consciousness or iden-tity.

Question 18

A possession trance is similar to a trance except that

Answer 18

the alteration of consciousness or identity is replaced by a new identity that is attributed to the influence of a spirit, deity, or other power.

Question 19

Host identity

Answer 19

In most cases the one identity that is most frequently encountered and carries the person’s real name is the host identity. Also in most cases, the host is not the original identity, and it may or may not be the best-adjusted identity

Question 20

The alter identities may differ in striking ways involving

Answer 20

gender, age, handedness, handwriting, sex-ual orientation, prescription for eyeglasses, predominant affect, foreign languages spoken, and general knowledge

Question 21

The most common comorbid disorders of DID are

Answer 21

Depressive disorders, PTSD, substance-use disor-ders, and borderline personality disorder are the most com-mon comorbid diagnoses (average of 5)

Question 22

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 22

A. Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states, which may be described in some cultures as an experience of possession. The disruption in identity involves marked discontinuity in sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by related alterations in affect, behav-ior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning. These signs and symptoms may be observed by others or reported by the individual.

B. Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/ or traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.

C. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment

D. The disturbance is not a normal part of a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice.

E. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition

Question 23

According to trauma theory, DID starts from….and reflects an attempt to…in the face of…

Answer 23

early childhood traumatization and reflects an attempt to cope with an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and powerlessness in the face of repeated traumatic abuse

Question 24

the vast majority of patients with DID (over __ percent by some estimates) report memories of severe and horrific childhood abuse.

Answer 24

95

Question 25

Diathesis-stress model of DID suggests

Answer 25

children who are prone to fantasy and those who are easily hypnotizable may have a diathesis for developing DID (or other dissociative disorders) when severe abuse occurs

Question 26

sociocognitive theory of DID

Answer 26

According to this theory, DID develops when a highly suggestible person learns to adopt and enact the roles of multiple identities, mostly because clinicians have inadvertently suggested, legitimized, and reinforced them and because these different identities are geared to the individual’s own personal goals.

The theory does not view this as being done intentionally or consciously by the person involved

Question 26

DID prevalence rates raise from ____ to ____ percent when studying groups with high exposure to trauma or cultural oppression are studied

Answer 26

1.5 to 6