Week 7 Metabolism Flashcards
(13 cards)
During digestions, what happens to carbs, fats, proteins
CHO->glucose,
FATS->glycerol, fatty acids
PROTEINS-> amino acids
- broken down further into energy (ATP), water and carbon dioxide during metabolism
What can coenzymes and enzymes do after absorption
can build more complex compounds
Descirbe anabolisn and examples
Reactions requiring
- eg making of glycogen, triglycerides and protein energy
Desscribe catabolism and examples
The breaking down of body compounds and release energe; some captured by bonds of atp
- reactions include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides and protein;
Describe how the body captures and releases energy In bonds of atp
- energy frm atp rlreased whrn highe energy phosphate bond breaks
- energy is used in a coupled reaction to do the body’s wor.
- loss of a phosphate group, ATP becomes ADP.
- ## Energy from breakdown of cho, fat and protein is used to attach a phosphate group to ADP, making ATP
What is a coupled reaction
hydrolysis of ATP occurs simultaneously with reactions that will use that energy
- body uses ATP to transfer the energy released during catabolic reactions to power its anabolic reactions
What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- Found in every cell in the body
- provides energy for most body functions
- Responsible for the transfer of compounds across cell membranes
- Responsible for muscle contraction
- A typical ATP molecule may only last for a few seconds
- As fuel molecules are oxidised, energy is released and converted to ATP so there is a ready source of energy available for cell functions
Desctibe the process of glycolysis
- in the cytosol of the cell
-6-carbon glucose -> two 3-carbon compounds(-2ATP)-> each converted to pyruvate (+4ATP) - net yield of one glucose molecule is two pyruvate molecules
- during glucose breakdown, H atoms with their electrons are released and carried to the ETC by coenzymes
- pyruvate picks up CoA, loses a carbon as carbon dioxide, and yields 2-carbon acetyl CoA.
Describe the process of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
- ocurs in mitochondria
- C removed from pyruvate = 2 C compounds + CoA = acetly CoA
- C group released becomes co 2=released into blood,circulates In lungs= breathed out
- aerobic
Describe the process of pyruvate to lactate
- if etc cannot accept hydrogens-> go to pyruvate = lactate
- coenzymes are freed to return to glycolysis to pick up more hydrogens
- muscles rely heavily on anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP quickly,conc of lactate increases during high intensity exercise
Describe how fatty acids can convert to acetly coa
- FA taken apart two Cs at a time in a series of reactions= fatty acid oxidation
- each 2-carbon fragment splits off and combines with a molecule of CoA to make acetyl CoA
- during this,hydrogens and their electrons are released and carried to the ETC by coenzymes
What are the 8 steps to one turn of the krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA enters the cycle (2C) , loses CoA & joins a 4C molecule
oxaloacetate - In a series of steps, H+ and their electrons are removed (8), CO2 released
- Coenzymes from B vitamins transfer them to the electron transport chain
- Three NAD+ are converted into 3 NADH2. 5. One FAD is converted into 1 FADH2.
- One ATP is made.
- Two CO2 are released.
- At the end of the cycle, nothing remains of the original Acetyl-CoA.
Describe the 5 steps to the ETC
- Co-enzymes deliver hydrogen electrons
- Energy is captured in the high energy bonds of ATP
- Special ‘carrier’ proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and another protein complex within the mitochondria power the synthesis of ATP
- ATP then leaves the mitochondria and enters the cytoplasm, where it can be used for energy
*-1 cycle of TCA and ETC = 20 ATP produced
