WEEK 8 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Process Of Respiration
1) Pulmonary Ventilation: Consists of Inspiration and Expiration
2) External Respiration: O2 diffuses from Lungs to Blood
CO2 diffuses from Blood to Lungs
3) Transport Of Respiratory gases: Cardiovascular System transports gases by utilizing Blood as a Transporting Fluid
- O2 is transported from the Lungs to the Tissue cells
- Co2 is transported from the Tissue cells to Lungs
4) Internal Respiration: O2 Diffuses from Blood to Tissue cells
CO2 Diffuses from Tissue cells to Blood
Parts Of Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity: Filters, Warms and Humidifies incoming air before reaching the Lungs
Oral Cavity: Provides a Passageway for air to Enter the Respiratory System
Pharynx: A Passage for air to reach the Larynx and Trachea, allowing airflow into the lungs
Epiglottis: It help in Protecting Lower Respiratory tract from Food or Liquid entering into Trachea while Breathing
Larynx: Contains Vocal Chords to produce Sound and also prevent Food and Liquid to enter Trachea during Breathing
Trachea: Connects Larynx and Bronchi and is also the Main airway for conducting air Into and Out of the lungs
Intercostal Muscles: Assists in breathing by Expanding and Contracting the rib cage during Inhalation and exhalation
Lungs: Site of Gas Exchange
Diaphragm: Facilitates breathing y Contracting and Relaxing
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Bronchi: Trap and Remove foreign particles from the airway through Ciliated Epithelial and Mucus producing goblet cells
Bronchioles: Conduct air deeper into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli: Primary Site of Gas Exchange
- O2 Diffuses across thin walls of the Alveoli into the bloodstream
- CO2 Diffuses from the bloodstream into the Alveoli to be exhaled
- It has Large Surface Area and thin walls which Optimize efficiency of gas exchange, allowing for Rapid diffusion of gases b/w the air and the bloodstream
How Does Gas exchange occur in Alveoli?
O2 passes through the Air sacs and Capillary wall into the bloodstream and CO2 transfers from the bloodstream into the Air sacs, where it gets Exhaled out of the body
Functional Zones Of the respiratory System
Conducting Zone: Includes Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea
Function: Channel for air to reach the Respiratory Zone+ Filters, Warms and Humidify the air
Respiratory Zone: Includes Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveoli
Function: Facilitates Gas Exchange by ensuring O2 is taken up in the bloodstream and into the tissues while CO2 is removed from the bloodstream and expelled from the body during Exhalation
Respiratory Membrane
Large, Thin and Permeable surface where gas Particles can be exchanges quickly and in Large volumes
O2 is used by cells to produce energy and carry out basic tasks while CO2 is removed from Bloodstream
Types Of Alveolar Cells
Type 1 Alveolar Cells (Looks like squamous Epithelial): Allows Rapid gas exchange
Type 2 Alveolar Cells (Square Shaped): Repair Epithelia cells and secrete Surfactant that Prevent alveoli from collapsing
Alveolar Macrophages (Circle Shaped): Clear debris through Phagocytosis + Most abundant in Lungs
Transport Of O2 and CO2 in the blood
Inspiration: (Lungs)
- Inhalation: Lung Volume Increase=Decrease in Pressure=Flow of gas into the Lungs. Thoracic Cavity Volume Increases
-Exhalation: Lung Volume Decreases=Pressure Increases=Gas leaving the lungs. Thoracic Cavity Volume Decreases
Control of Respiration
Information Must travel from the NS to the Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles in order to control breathing
Parts Involved in Breathing
Higher Brain Centers: Cerebral Cortex/ Limbic System/ Hypothalamus
Poutine Respiratory Centers (IN PONS): Adjust the Depth and length of breathing. Receive info from Higher Brain Centers and send i to the Medullary Respiratory Centers
Medulla Oblongata: Has Two groups of Neurons called Ventral and Dorsal Respiratory centers. Sends Info to the Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles to Control breathing
Ventral Respiratory Group: Involved in Deep, Forceful Inhalation/ Exhalation
Dorsal Respiratory Group: Regulates breathing Rate and Rhythm, and is Sensitive to Blood/pH/CO2 and O2 levels
Intercostal Muscles: Neurons sends signals to Intercostal Muscles for Inspiration causing the ribs to rise
Diaphragm: Impulses sent to the Diaphragm for Inspiration causing the Diaphragm to Descend
Chemoreceptors
Detect chemical changes in the blood (specifically carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen)
Central Chemoreceptors
-Located throughout the brainstem and the medulla (medulla oblongata)
Detects:
- Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increase in carbon dioxide
Signals
- Increases respiration
- Increases oxygen intake
- Decreases carbon dioxide expiration
Peripheral Receptors
-Located in carotid and aortic body
Detects:
- Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increase in carbon dioxide
- Decrease in oxygen
Signals: (Medullary Centers)
- Respiration increases
Carotid/Aortic Body
Carotid Body: Clusters of Chemoreceptors located in the common Carotid Artery
Aortic Body: Clusters of Chemoreceptors located along the Aortic Arch
Partial Pressure Of Gases
The pressure that a particular gas exerts in a gas mixture
caused by the Impact of molecules Colliding against each
other or against surrounding surfaces.
Gases move from higher pressures to lower Pressure allowing gases to move from one fluid compartment into another throughout the body.
Gas Exchange: O2 Pathway
Gas Exchange: CO2 Pathway
O2 Pathway: O2 diffuses out of the arterial ends of Capillaries into the tissue fluid then into the cells. This occurs due tot he difference in Partial Pressure of O2
CO2 Pathway: Diffuses out of cells into the tissue fluid then into the blood. This occurs due to the difference in Partial Pressure of CO2
Lung Volume and Capacities
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
Tidal Volume (TV): Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
Residual Volume (RV): Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort; VC= TV+IRV+ERV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration; IC=TV+IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration; FRC=ERV+RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort; TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
Minute Ventilation (MV)
The total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute; ππ(ππΏ/πππ) = π΅ππππ‘hπ πππ ππππ’π‘π Γ πππππ ππππ’ππ
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR):
Flow of gases into and out of the alveoli (gas exchange areas) in one minute; π΄ππ
= π΅ππππ‘hπ πππ ππππ’π‘π Γ (πππππ ππππ’ππ β π·πππ πππππ)
-AVR units in mL/min
Transport Of O2 and CO2 in the blood
External Respiration: Diffusion of O2 from the Lungs to the Blood
CO2 from the Blood to the Lungs
Internal Respiration: Diffusion from O2 from the Blood to Tissue cells
CO2 from Tissue Cells to the Blood
Hemoglobin: RBCβs contain an Oxygen-binding protein called (Hemoglobin). A Hemoglobin molecule contains four Hem-iron containing molecule that binds to O2. (Each Hemoglobin molecule contains Four O2 molecules)
Process: Hemoglobin drops O2 in Capillaries where thereβs a Low content of O2. O2 dissolves, partial pressure of O2 int he capillaries become greater. O2 Diffuses out of the capillaries and into the tissues then cells (Down its concentration gradient)
