week 8 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What has COVID-19 taught us about health and globalisation?
- Health is interconnected globally.
- COVID-19 showed the importance of global health organisations like WHO.
- Highlighted inequalities in health access, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
What are the WHO’s six building blocks for a strong health system?
- Service delivery
- Health workforce
- Health information systems
- Access to essential medicines
- Financing
- Leadership and governance
What outcomes should a good health system aim for?
- Improved health (level and equity)
- Responsiveness
- Social and financial risk protection
- Improved efficiency
What are the main levels of Australia’s healthcare system?
- Population-based care: e.g., vaccination and screening
- Primary care: GPs, first contact
- Secondary care: Referred care, specialists
- Tertiary care: Hospitals, advanced care
What are the key components of Medicare in Australia?
- Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS)
- Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
- Private health insurance
- Primary health networks
What supports healthcare for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?
- Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs)
- Government policies like Closing the Gap, Cancer Plan, and Workforce Strategic Framework
What are some barriers to healthcare access for First Peoples?
- Remote location of services
- Cost and transport
- Long wait times
- Lack of culturally safe services
What underpins Indigenous primary health care models globally?
- Culture is central
- Other characteristics: accessible services, community participation, quality improvement, skilled workforce, flexible care, holistic care, self-determination
What are the four tiers of the Australian healthcare system pyramid?
- Determinants of health & demographic factors (base tier)
- Health promotion & disease prevention
- Primary health & community care
- Specialist, acute & residential care
What factors are considered determinants of health in the Australian system?
- Education
- Employment
- Income
- Family and community
- Rural and remote living
- Indigenous status
What falls under health promotion and disease prevention in Australia?
- Immunisation
- Food and nutrition
- Physical activity
- Illicit drug use
- Tobacco and alcohol control
- Mental health
- Cancer screening
What services are included in primary and community care?
- General Practice (GPs)
- Dental and pharmacy
- Allied health
- Aged and community care
- Primary health networks
What does the top tier of Australia’s healthcare pyramid involve?
- Public and private hospitals
- Local hospital networks
- Residential aged care
- Pathology, diagnostics
- Specialist and outpatient services
How does primary care address the determinants of health?
- Targets individual-level risk factors
- Promotes wellness through accessible services
- Aims to reduce the need for specialised care through prevention
What types of research support Australia’s health system?
- Biological research: Focus on biochemistry and body functioning
- Population health research: Focus on what works, for whom, and in what contexts
What are the four main models of healthcare systems globally?
- Beveridge model – Government-funded and provided (e.g., UK)
- Bismarck model – Funded through employer/employee contributions (e.g., Germany)
- National health insurance model – Government-funded insurance (e.g., Canada)
- Out-of-pocket model – Individuals pay directly (common in low-income countries)
What healthcare reform model is being discussed for Australia?
- The Single-Payer Funding Model
- Aims to align funding with population health goals
- Promotes simplicity, efficiency, and equity in care access
How is global health defined?
Global health involves strategies developed and implemented for health improvement across national boundaries (Beaglehole & Bonita, 2010).
What defines a global or international organisation?
An organisation with membership, finance, and operations involving three or more countries (Walt, 1996)
Which are the key organisations influencing global health?
- United Nations (UN)
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- World Bank
When was the UN established and what is its purpose?
Established in 1945, now with 193 member states, to coordinate and increase cooperation between countries.
What are the six main bodies of the UN?
- General Assembly
- Security Council
- Economic and Social Council
- Trusteeship Council
- International Court of Justice
- Secretariat
Which UN agencies influence health?
- FAO: Food and agriculture
- ILO: Occupational health and safety
- WHO: Global health leadership
- UNICEF: Health and wellbeing of children and adolescents
What were the MDGs and why did they fall short?
- Launched in 2000, targeted for 2015
- Focused on poverty, hunger, education, gender, environment
Fell short due to narrow focus, lack of inclusivity, poor sustainability and monitoring
- Focused on poverty, hunger, education, gender, environment
