Week 8 - Diabetes, Insomnia, Muscle Spasms

Question 1

Insulin aspart
insulin glargine

Answer 1

Class: Analogue (short and long acting)
Indication: Type 1 Diabetes
MOA:
Adverse Effects:

Question 2

Metformin

Answer 2

Class: Biguanide
Indication: Type 2 Diabetes
MOA: increases glucose sensitivity in peripheral tissues, decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and decreases GI absorption of glucose.
Adverse Effects: hypoglycaemia, N/V/D

Question 3

Gliclazide

Answer 3

Class: Sulfonylureas
Indication: Type 2 Diabetes
MOA: Binds to SUR1 in ATP/Pots. pump = stops working = depolerisation = calcium = insulin release
Adverse Effects: weight gain, hypoglycaemia

Question 4

Dapagliflozin

Answer 4

Class: SGLT2 inhibitor
Indication: Type 2 Diabetes
MOA: inhibits the SGLT2 glucose/Na+ transporter in the nephron’s PCT, preventing glucose reabsorption and lowering blood glucose levels.
Adverse effects: UTI, polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration and thirst.

Question 5

Semaglutide

Answer 5

Indication: GLP-1 alalogue
Class: increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion (more insulin), decrease glucagon secretion (less glucagon)
and gastric emptying (decrease appetite, less carbohydrates being eaten)
Adverse effects: GI upset: nausea and vomiting - Weight loss (benefit?)

Question 6

Linagliptin

Answer 6

Indication: type 2 diabetes
Class: DPP-4 inhibitor
MOA: DDP-4 is an enzyme responsible for degrading GLP-1. Inhibiting it prolongs GLP-1 action, helping to sustain insulin secretion and glucagon suppression.
Adverse effects:

Question 7

Temazepam, Nitrazepam

Answer 7

Class: Benzodiazepines
Indication: Insomnia
MOA: binds at GABA(a) receptors and allows chloride inside = hyperpolerising it = less likely for action potential to occur.
Adverse Effects: Drowsiness

Question 8

Zolpidem, Zopiclone

Answer 8

Class: Z Drugs
Indication: Insomnia
MOA: selectively binds to the alpha-1 subunit on GABAa receptors, causing less muscle relaxant and anxiolytic properties.
Adverse effects: Parasomnias- worsened insomnia, irritability, agitation, nightmares, hallucinations, sleep walking

Question 9

Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine

Answer 9

Class: Sedating Antihistamines
Indication: Insomnia
MOA: they cross the BBB and bind to H1 receptors, decreasing histaminergic activity, leading to drowsiness and sedation.
Adverse Effects: Tolerance, dependence, and motor impairment the next day.

Question 10

Diazepam

Answer 10

Class: Benzodiazepines
Indication: Anxiety, muscle spasms, epilepsy,
MOA: MOA: binds at GABA(a) receptors and allows chloride inside = hyperpolerising it = less likely for action potential to occur
Adverse Effects: Drowsiness

Question 11

Baclofen

Answer 11

Class: Muscle Relaxant
Indication: Chronic Spasticity
MOA: GABA(b) receptors in spinal cord = inhibits neurotransmitter release = depresses CNS
Adverse Effects: Drowsiness, withdrawal

Question 12

Dantrolene

Answer 12

Class: Muscle Relaxant
Indication: Chronic Spasticity
MOA: inhibits ryanodine receptors (Ryr) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, decreasing Ca2+ secretion, leading to reduced muscle activity.
Adverse effects: Muscle weakness, malaise, fatigue, photosensitivity