WEEK 8- PERIPHERAL VASCULAR

Question 1

anatomy and physiology of upper and lower peripheral vascular systems and regional lymphatics

Question 2

developmental changes- infant

Answer 2

It is well developed at birth and grows
rapidly until age 10 or 11 years. By age 6 years, the lymphoid tissue
reaches adult size; it surpasses adult size by puberty, and then it
slowly atrophies

Question 3

developmental changes- older adults

Answer 3

arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
deep vein thrombosis

Question 4

relationship between peripheral vascular/lymphatic system and skin integrity

Answer 4

skin changes:
venous stasis
incompetent valves
prolonged standing, sitting, or BR
Blockage
Ischemia

Question 5

subjective questions

Answer 5

leg pain or cramps
skin changes
swelling
medications
- oral contraceptives, hormone replacement, aspirin

Question 6

equipment needed

Answer 6

Paper tape measure
Tourniquet or blood pressure cuff
Stethoscope
Doppler ultrasonic stethoscop

Question 7

technique for inspection/palpation of peripheral pulses

Answer 7

• used to assess blood flow
• palpable pulses (0,3+)

Question 8

techniques of/practice of the doppler ultrasonic device

Answer 8

• used in weak pulses
• magnifies pulsatile sound
• light pressure with coupling gel
• swishing/whooshing sound

Question 9

abnormalities: difference between venous and arterial insufficency

Answer 9

venous insufficiency
- edema
- occurs with vein issues
- increased pressure in the lower extremities.

arterial insufficiency
- inadequate blood flow through the arteries
- color change in lower extremities due to lack of blood. (pallor)
- reduced blood flow to extremities

Question 10

abnormalities: lymph node enlargement and causes

Answer 10

infection/inflammation
viral infections
autoimmune disorders
the lymph node becomes enlarged- lymph nodes are small bean like structures (armpits, neck, groin)

Question 11

abnormalities: peripheral edema : how to measure and cause

Answer 11

swelling in extremities
“Peripheral edema” refers to swelling that occurs in the extremities, such as the arms, hands, legs, or feet, due to an accumulation of fluid in the tissues. It is a common condition that can result from various factors, including:
- venous insufficiency
- pregnancy
- meds
- lymph dysfunction
- kidney/heart disease/liver

Question 12

abnormalities: lymphedema

Answer 12

accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues, leads to swelling (edema)
It occurs when the lymphatic system, which is responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from the body tissues and transporting them back into the bloodstream, becomes impaired or damaged. As a result, lymph fluid cannot properly drain, leading to swelling and tissue changes.

Question 13

abnormalities: Raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 13

decreased blood flow to fingers

Question 14

symptoms: arterial insuffiency

Answer 14

Symptoms of arterial insufficiency may include intermittent claudication (pain or cramping in the legs during physical activity), cold feet or legs, numbness or weakness in the legs, slow-healing wounds or ulcers (particularly on the feet or toes), and changes in skin color or texture (such as shiny, thin, or pale skin).

Question 15

symptoms: venous insuffiency

Answer 15

Symptoms of venous insufficiency may include swelling (edema) in the legs and ankles, aching or heaviness in the legs, skin changes (such as discoloration or thickening), varicose veins, itching or tingling sensations, and leg ulcers (particularly around the ankles).

Question 16

arteries are

Answer 16

vascular smooth muscle

Question 17

heartbeat creates what wave?

Answer 17

pressure wave

Question 18

Pulses

Answer 18

temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial

Question 19

Arteries

Answer 19

temporal, carotid, arteries in arms and legs

Question 20

Veins

Answer 20

• return blood
• low pressure system
• jugular veins, deep and superficial veins in legs,
• capacitance vessels
• venous return

Question 21

developmental changes- pregnancy

Answer 21

dependent edema and varicosities

Question 22

objective data

Answer 22

room temperature (22)
inspection and palpation
bilaterally

Question 23

inspect and palpate the hands

Answer 23

colour of skin and nail beds
temperature
texture and turgor
lesions/scars
size and edema
profile sign-clubbing
capillary refill
pulses (rate, rhythm, elatscity, force
radial and brachial
0-3+
0=absent
1+=weak
2+=normal
3+=bounding

Question 24

inspect and palpate legs

Answer 24

subjective:
- skin color
- size/edema
- hair distribution
- venous pattern
- lesions/scars/ulcers
- temperature
- pain

Question 25

femoral pulse

Answer 25

• below inguinal ligament
• halfway between pubis and anterior superior iliac spine

Question 26

Popliteal pulse

Answer 26

• palpate popliteal pulses
• lateral to medial tendon

Question 27

Posterior Tibial pulse

Answer 27

Curve fingers around medial malleolus
Dorsiflex foot

Question 28

Dorsalis Pedal pulse

Answer 28

• lateral to extensor tendon of big toe
• palpate with light touch

Question 29

assessing for arterial insufficiency

Answer 29

supine- raise legs 30cm
- ask client to wiggle toes
- observe colour change or pallor

reposition client with sitting up feet dangling off bed
- colour should come back within15s

Question 30

inspecting leg veins

Answer 30

spider veins
varicose veins
deep vein thrombosis
dilated, torturous veins

Question 31

how to take care of feet?

Answer 31

inspect feet
exercise
do not smoke
keep feet clean
and dry

Question 32

temporal artery

Answer 32

The temporal artery is palpated in front of the ear

Question 33

carotid artery

Answer 33

The carotid artery is palpated in the groove between the
sternomastoid muscle and the trachea

Question 34

arm arteries

Answer 34

brachial, radial, ulnar

Question 35

leg arteries

Answer 35

femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial artery, dorslis pedis

Question 36

superficial veins

Answer 36

venous return

Question 37

deep veins

Answer 37

The deep veins run alongside the deep arteries and conduct
most of the venous return from the legs. These are the
femoral and popliteal veins. As long as these veins
remain intact, the superficial veins can be excised without
harming the circulation

Question 38

superfical veins

Answer 38

great and small saphenous
veins.

Question 39

venous return

Answer 39

Veins drain the deoxygenated blood and its waste products from the
tissues and return it to the heart.

Question 40

mechanisms for blood moving through veins

Answer 40

1) contracting skeletal muscles
2)pressure gradient caused by breathing
3) intraluminal valves, unidirectional flow

Question 41

veins have the ability to

Answer 41

stretch, capacitance vessels also known as veins

Question 42

lymphatic vessels drain into either 2 ducts

Answer 42

The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian
vein. It drains the right side of the head and neck, right arm,
right side of thorax, right lung and pleura, right side of the
heart, and right upper section of the liver.
2. The thoracic duct drains the rest of the body. It empties
into the left subclavian vein.

Question 43

functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 43

e (a) to conserve fluid
and plasma proteins that leak out of the capillaries, (b) to form a
major part of the immune system that defends the body against
disease, and (c) to absorb lipids from the intestinal tract.

Question 44

lymph nodes

Answer 44

are small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located
at intervals along the vessels. Most nodes are arranged in groups,
both deep and superficial, in the body. Nodes filter the fluid before
it is returned to the bloodstream and filter out micro-organisms that
could be harmful to the body

Question 45

spleen

Answer 45

LUQ: (a) to destroy old red blood cells,
(b) to produce antibodies, (c) to store red blood cells, and (d) to
filter micro-organisms from the blood.