Week 8: Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Where are the cells that produce testosterone located?
A
Testes
2
Q
Define:
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
A
The hormonal system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads (testes in males) that regulates reproductive processes and hormone production.
3
Q
What are the specialized sex cells in males and females called?
A
In males, they are called sperm; in females, they are called oocytes or ova (eggs).
4
Q
What is…
A group of hormones produced by the ovaries that regulate female reproductive and sexual functions.
A
Estrogens
5
Q
What is the function of the uterus?
A
The uterus receives, retains, and nourishes the fetus.
6
Q
What happens to hormone levels if fertilization does not occur?
A
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels.
7
Q
What is…
The phase of the uterine cycle following menstruation, during which the endometrial lining thickens and regenerates under the influence of estrogen.
A
Proliferative Phase
8
Q
Define:
Urethra
A
The tube through which sperm and urine are expelled from the body.
9
Q
What happens to the follicles each month?
A
Each month, follicles develop and release an oocyte into the peritoneal space.
10
Q
How do fraternal twins occur?
A
Fraternal twins arise when two oocytes are released and fertilized individually.
11
Q
Define:
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for initiating ejaculation by contracting reproductive ducts and accessory glands.
12
Q
On which day does ovulation usually occur in a 28-day cycle?
A
Ovulation typically occurs around day 14.
13
Q
What happens to the functional layer during menstruation?
A
The functional layer is shed during menstruation.
14
Q
What is…
Paired glands that secrete a viscous fluid that constitutes about 60-70% of semen volume, enhancing sperm motility and providing energy through fructose.
A
Seminal Vesicles
15
Q
Define:
Prostaglandins
A
Substances in the seminal vesicle secretion that initiate contractions of smooth muscle within the female reproductive system to aid sperm movement.
16
Q
Define:
Gametes
A
Specialized sex cells (sperm in males and oocytes or ova in females) involved in sexual reproduction.
17
Q
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
A
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans, and hormone levels decrease.
18
Q
Why is testosterone important for male reproductive health?
A
Testosterone is crucial for spermatogenesis, maintaining reproductive organs, achieving erection and ejaculation, and developing secondary sex characteristics.
19
Q
The testes are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
True/False
A
True
20
Q
Define:
Menstrual Phase (Menses)
A
The phase of the uterine cycle during which the endometrial lining is shed and expelled from the body, typically lasting a few days.
21
Q
What are the two layers of the endometrium?
A
The two layers of the endometrium are the functional layer and the basal layer.
22
Q
What is…
The developmental stage from approximately 9 weeks of gestation until birth.
A
Fetus
23
Q
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta after implantation.
True/False
A
True
24
Q
Define:
Seminiferous Tubules
A
Coiled tubes within the testes where sperm production occurs, surrounded by smooth muscle to aid in sperm movement.
25
What does FSH stimulate in the testes?
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by prompting sustentacular cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP).
26
# What is...
Also known as Leydig cells; cells located outside the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone.
Interstitial Cells
27
What is the Acrosomal reaction?
Release of acrosomal enzymes to digest hole in zona pellucida
28
# Define:
Oogenesis
The process of producing oocytes, which begins during the fetal period and continues with the maturation of primary oocytes into mature oocytes.
29
What is the perineum?
The perineum is the area between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, forming a diamond shape.
30
Which cells in the testes produce testosterone?
Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.
31
# What is...
A surgical procedure where the ductus deferens is cut or ligated to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate.
Vasectomy
32
# Define:
Homologous
Referring to structures in different sexes that share a common origin during embryonic development and often have similar functions.
33
What is the zona pellucida?
The zona pellucida is a thick glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte.
34
What is formed during the luteal phase?
The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase.
35
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle?
A) Produce oocytes
B) Maintain the endometrial lining
C) Facilitate ovulation
D) Produce follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Maintain the endometrial lining
36
# What is...
Immature oocytes present from birth that remain in a suspended state until they are recruited for maturation during the menstrual cycle.
Primary Oocytes
37
How can HCG be detected in a pregnant woman?
HCG can be detected in the mother’s bloodstream about a week after fertilization and in urine about 7 to 12 days after conception.
38
What are the target organs of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?
FSH and LH target the testes.
39
# Define:
Endometrium
The inner lining of the uterus that undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle and supports embryo implantation.
40
# What is...
The neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina and has a mucus-secreting function to protect the uterus from infections and regulate sperm entry.
Cervix
41
What might cause a false negative result on a home pregnancy test?
Performing the test too early might result in a false negative, where the test is negative despite pregnancy.
42
# Define:
Implantation
The process by which the embryo attaches to and embeds itself within the endometrial lining of the uterus.
43
How are GnRH, FSH, and LH levels regulated during the luteal phase?
GnRH, FSH, and LH levels are regulated by the levels of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries.
44
Where does oogenesis occur?
Ovaries
45
# What is...
The external genitalia of the female, which includes structures like the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.
Vulva
46
What allows the embryo to attach to the endometrial wall?
Trophoblast cells have special proteins that allow the embryo to attach to receptors on the endometrial wall.
47
When does implantation typically occur in the menstrual cycle?
Implantation occurs about six to seven days after ovulation, during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
48
# Define:
Uterine Tubes
Also known as fallopian tubes, these tubes transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus and provide the site for fertilization.
49
How does the size of the uterus change with pregnancy?
The uterus becomes slightly larger in women who have been pregnant compared to those who have never been pregnant.
50
How long are the uterine tubes?
The uterine tubes are about 10 centimeters long.
51
The hormone that triggers ovulation is __________.
The hormone that triggers ovulation is **Luteinizing hormone (LH)**.
52
What effect does testosterone have on the basal metabolic rate?
Testosterone increases the basal metabolic rate.
53
What is the role of the fimbriae during ovulation?
The fimbriae sweep over the ovarian surface and create a current in the peritoneal fluid to help carry the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube.
54
# What is...
The enlarged tip at the end of the penis, sensitive to stimulation.
Glans Penis
55
How does the reproductive system support the development of offspring?
It combines genetic material from sperm and ova and provides a suitable environment in the uterus.
56
# What is...
Structures that support reproductive functions, including ducts, glands, and external genitalia.
Accessory Reproductive Organs
57
Where does the production of oocytes (egg cells) occur?
A) Ovaries
B) Uterus
C) Fallopian tubes
D) Cervix
A) Ovaries
58
# Define:
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
A hormone produced by trophoblast cells of the embryo that signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen, preventing its degeneration and supporting pregnancy.
59
How does the hormonal signaling from the embryo affect the corpus luteum?
The hormonal signaling from the embryo, particularly HCG, affects the corpus luteum by preventing its degeneration, thereby maintaining high levels of progesterone and estrogen.
60
What is the HPG axis in the male reproductive system?
The HPG axis refers to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, a hormonal system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes.
61
What is the role of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in spermatogenesis?
ABP binds and concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules, enhancing spermatogenesis.
62
What changes occur at puberty due to increased testosterone levels?
Testosterone stimulates the growth of reproductive ducts and glands, increases penis size, and maintains these organs.
63
What is the purpose of meiosis in sperm production?
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, so that when sperm and oocytes combine, the resulting zygote has the correct number of chromosomes (46).
64
# What is...
The process during which a mature ovarian follicle releases an oocyte into the uterine tube, typically occurring around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.
Ovulation
65
Why might some oocytes be lost to the abdominal cavity?
Some oocytes may be lost to the abdominal cavity if they do not get captured by the fimbriae and are not swept into the uterine tube.
66
How does the autonomic nervous system regulate blood flow during an erection?
Parasympathetic nerves release nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow.
67
What is the main role of the male reproductive system?
The main role is to manufacture and deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
68
How do the walls of the uterine tube help transport the oocyte?
The walls of the uterine tube contain smooth muscle and ciliated epithelial cells. Peristalsis and the beating of cilia help move the oocyte towards the uterus.
69
# Define:
Greater Vestibular Glands
Glands located near the vaginal opening that secrete mucus to facilitate intercourse, analogous to the male bulbourethral glands.
70
Androgen Binding Protein is produced in which type of cell?
Sustentocytes
71
How does the embryo prevent the corpus luteum from degenerating?
The embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to signal the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen.
72
What is the role of olfactory receptors on capacitated sperm?
Olfactory receptors help sperm detect and navigate towards the oocyte by responding to chemicals released by the oocyte or surrounding cells.
73
What does the inner cell mass of a fertilized egg develop into?
The inner cell mass develops into the embryo.
74
Vasectomy involves cutting which tube?
Ductus deferens
75
# What is...
Blood vessels in the endometrium that elongate and increase blood supply during the secretory phase to support a potential embryo.
Spiral Arteries
76
# What is...
A carbohydrate produced by uterine glands that helps nourish the embryo during implantation.
Glycogen
77
# What is...
The condition where multiple sperm enter an oocyte, which can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes and typically results in the zygote's death.
Polyspermy
78
# What is...
The inner lining of the uterus that undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle and supports embryo implantation.
Endometrium
79
# What is...
A hormone produced by the ovaries that plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.
Progesterone
80
# What is...
Also known as fallopian tubes, these tubes transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus and provide the site for fertilization.
Uterine Tubes
81
How does testosterone influence behavior?
Testosterone influences sex drive and potentially some aggressive behavior.
82
Which hormones are predominant during the secretory phase?
Progesterone and some estrogen are predominant during the secretory phase.
83
The prostate gland is primarily responsible for producing sperm.
True/False
False
84
# Define:
Hypophyseal Portal Veins
Blood vessels that transport GnRH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
85
# What is...
The scar tissue formed when the corpus luteum degenerates if fertilization does not occur, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels.
Corpus Albicans
86
What is ovum (oocyte) production called?
Oogenesis
87
What occurs in the proliferative phase?
Repair and regeneration of the functional layer
88
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?
menstrual/menses
proliferative
secretory
89
Which two hormones do the ovaries produce?
a) Oestrogen and FSH
b) Oestrogen and progesterone
c) Testosterone and progesterone
d) FSH and LH
b) Oestrogen and progesterone
90
What happens during ejaculation to prevent urine from entering the urethra?
The bladder sphincter muscles constrict to prevent urine from entering the urethra and to stop semen from entering the bladder.
91
What is the main goal of the ovarian cycle?
The main goal of the ovarian cycle is to produce the oocyte.
92
# What is...
Enzymes released from the acrosome of the sperm that help digest a path through the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry into the oocyte.
Acrosomal Enzymes
93
# Define:
Trophoblast Cells
The outer layer of cells surrounding the inner cell mass in the fertilized egg, which will develop into the placenta.
94
# What is...
The second phase of the ovarian cycle, starting around day 15 and lasting until day 28, marked by the formation of the corpus luteum and production of progesterone and estrogen.
Luteal Phase
95
The corpus luteum is involved in the production of estrogen and progesterone.
True/False
True
96
What is the role of the ovaries?
The ovaries produce female gametes (oocytes) and secrete the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.
97
Which hormone stimulates the cells that produce testosterone?
LH
98
# What is...
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
99
# What is...
An organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the embryo, remove waste, and produce hormones.
Placenta
100
What is the function of the prostate gland in semen production?
The prostate gland produces about 30% of the semen volume, containing nutrients and enzymes that break down the seminal clot to allow motile sperm to swim.
101
What triggers the start of the menstrual phase again?
The decline in progesterone and estrogen levels triggers the start of the menstrual phase.
102
What is the HPG axis?
The HPG axis is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which regulates the ovarian cycle.
103
# What is...
An erectile tissue structure located at the top of the vulva, homologous to the glans penis in males, which becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal.
Clitoris
104
How does the acrosome of a sperm cell function?
The acrosome, a helmet-like cap on the sperm head, contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the oocyte during fertilization.
105
# What is...
The erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis, helping to keep the urethra open during erection.
Corpus Spongiosum
106
# What is...
The phase of the uterine cycle during which the endometrial lining is shed and expelled from the body, typically lasting a few days.
Menstrual Phase (Menses)
107
Why are testes located in the scrotum?
a) Control of ejaculation
b) Temperature regulation
c) Facilitates erection
b) Temperature regulation
108
# Define:
Vulva
The external genitalia of the female, which includes structures like the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.
109
What are the three major regions of a sperm cell?
The head (containing the nucleus and acrosome), the midpiece (packed with mitochondria), and the tail (flagellum for propulsion).
110
How does the scrotum adjust when the testes are too warm?
The muscles relax, and the skin becomes loose and flaccid to increase surface area for cooling.
111
What is the clitoris, and how does it function?
The clitoris is homologous to the glans penis and contains erectile tissue that engorges with blood during sexual arousal.
112
What occurs in the follicle as it matures?
The follicle produces fluid called the antrum, which helps expel the oocyte during ovulation.
113
What happens to hormone levels as the corpus luteum degenerates?
As the corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone levels decline.
114
# What is...
A pouch of skin that houses the testes and maintains their optimal temperature for sperm production.
Scrotum
115
# What is...
The developmental stage from fertilization until approximately 8 weeks of gestation.
Embryo
116
How does progesterone affect the endometrial lining if implantation does not occur?
A) It promotes thickening of the lining
B) It maintains the lining
C) It leads to the breakdown and shedding of the lining
D) It stimulates further ovulation
C) It leads to the breakdown and shedding of the lining
117
# What is...
The tail of the sperm that propels it through the female reproductive tract.
Flagellum
118
# What is...
A short tube where the ductus deferens joins with the seminal vesicles and passes into the urethra, carrying sperm and seminal fluid.
Ejaculatory Duct
119
# Define:
Labia Minora
Two hair-free skin folds that enclose the vestibule and are located inside the labia majora.
120
# Define:
Epididymis
A comma-shaped organ located on the posterior edge of the testes where sperm mature and are stored.
121
What happens to the follicle during ovulation?
During ovulation, the follicle bursts out of the ovary, releasing the oocyte.
122
What changes occur in the endometrial spiral arteries during the secretory phase?
The spiral arteries elongate and provide a good blood supply to the endometrium.
123
# Define:
Flagellum
The tail of the sperm that propels it through the female reproductive tract.
124
# What is...
A tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct, also known as the vas deferens.
Ductus Deferens
125
How does FSH affect follicle maturation?
FSH promotes the maturation of a follicle in the ovaries.
126
What are accessory reproductive organs?
Accessory reproductive organs include ducts, glands, and external genitalia.
127
# Define:
Perineum
The area of the body between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, including the external genitalia.
128
# What is...
The earliest stage of ovarian follicles containing primary oocytes. They are present from birth and remain dormant until puberty.
Primordial Follicles
129
What occurs in the menses phase?
Shedding of the functional layer
130
# What is...
A hormone produced by trophoblast cells of the embryo that signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen, preventing its degeneration and supporting pregnancy.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
131
What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?
The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase and the luteal phase.
132
What triggers the acrosomal reaction in sperm?
The acrosomal reaction is triggered by the binding of sperm to the zona pellucida and an increase in calcium levels within the sperm.
133
What structure secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy?
A) Placenta
B) Corpus luteum
C) Ovaries
D) Uterus
A) Placenta
134
# What is...
The inner mucosal layer of the uterus that supports the implantation of a fertilized egg.
Endometrium
135
# What is...
The reaction triggered by the entry of sperm into the oocyte, which destroys additional sperm receptors and hardens the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.
Cortical Reaction
136
What is the anatomical relationship between the reproductive system and the urinary system?
The reproductive system is posterior to the urinary system, with the urinary bladder located anterior to it.
137
# What is...
Coiled tubes within the testes where sperm production occurs, surrounded by smooth muscle to aid in sperm movement.
Seminiferous Tubules
138
# Define:
Acrosomal Enzymes
Enzymes released from the acrosome of the sperm that help digest a path through the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry into the oocyte.
139
# Define:
Peristalsis
The wave-like muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tube that help move the oocyte towards the uterus.
140
# Define:
Fetus
The developmental stage from approximately 9 weeks of gestation until birth.
141
# Define:
Nitric Oxide
A chemical released by parasympathetic nerves that relaxes smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow during an erection.
142
# Define:
Penis
The copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract, consisting of the glans penis and covered by the prepuce or foreskin.
143
# What is...
Proteins on capacitated sperm that help them detect and navigate towards the oocyte by responding to chemicals released by the oocyte or its surrounding cells.
Olfactory Receptors
144
The anterior pituitary is stimulated to secrete hormones by which hormone?
GnRH
145
# Define:
Glans Penis
The enlarged tip at the end of the penis, sensitive to stimulation.
146
# What is...
The outer layer of the uterine wall.
Perimetrium
147
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.
True/False
True
148
# What is...
The part of the endometrium that changes during the menstrual cycle and is shed during menstruation.
Functional Layer
149
What are the main stages of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis starts with a spermatogonium that undergoes mitosis and meiosis to form spermatids, which then mature into sperm.
150
What hormone is primarily responsible for the thickening of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?
A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Progesterone
D) Estrogen
D) Estrogen
151
# Define:
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A division of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily functions during rest and relaxation, including the regulation of erection by releasing nitric oxide.
152
# Define:
Basal Layer
The part of the endometrium that remains constant and regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.
153
What are the three cylindrical columns of the penis made up of?
They are made up of erectile tissue containing vascular spaces.
154
# What is...
A gland that produces about 30% of semen volume, containing nutrients and enzymes that break down the seminal clot to facilitate sperm motility.
Prostate
155
T/F: Sperm that are freshly deposited into the vagina are capable of fertilisation.
False
156
What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
The corpus luteum produces large amounts of progesterone and estrogen.
157
# What is...
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates spermatogenesis by promoting the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in sustentacular cells.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
158
How does capacitation prepare sperm for fertilization?
Capacitation removes protective elements from the sperm's plasma membrane, enhancing motility and allowing the sperm to release enzymes needed to penetrate the zona pellucida.
159
What structure becomes the ejaculatory duct?
The ejaculatory duct is formed where the ductus deferens joins the seminal vesicles.
160
What happens if polyspermy occurs?
If polyspermy occurs, the zygote may have too many chromosomes and may not survive.
161
What role does progesterone play during pregnancy?
Progesterone maintains the uterine lining and stimulates breast growth during pregnancy.
162
# Define:
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.
163
# Define:
Spermatogenesis
The process of sperm production within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, starting at puberty and continuing throughout adult life.
164
# What is...
The process of producing oocytes, which begins during the fetal period and continues with the maturation of primary oocytes into mature oocytes.
Oogenesis
165
# What is...
The hormonal system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads (testes in males) that regulates reproductive processes and hormone production.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
166
# Define:
Fimbriae
Ciliated, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes that help capture the ovulated oocyte and guide it into the tube.
167
Which organ in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of sperm?
A) Prostate gland
B) Seminal vesicle
C) Testes
D) Epididymis
C) Testes
168
# Define:
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.
169
Which hormone stimulates the production of sperm in the testes?
A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
170
# What is...
The area of the body between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, including the external genitalia.
Perineum
171
# Define:
Perimetrium
The outer layer of the uterine wall.
172
What does the inner cell mass become?
a) Embryo
b) Placenta
a) Embryo
173
# What is...
A hormone produced alongside progesterone and estrogen to help maintain the endometrium and support pregnancy.
Inhibin
174
# What is...
The part of the endometrium that remains constant and regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.
Basal Layer
175
# What is...
The series of events in the ovaries that produce and release an oocyte, divided into the follicular phase and the luteal phase.
Ovarian Cycle
176
# Define:
Oocytes
Sex cells produced by the female reproductive system, which are necessary for reproduction.
177
# What is...
The fluid in the peritoneal cavity between the ovary and the uterine tube that assists in moving the oocyte into the uterine tube.
Peritoneal Fluid
178
How long does it take for the fertilized oocyte to implant into the uterus?
It takes about four to five days for the fertilized oocyte to implant into the uterus.
179
# What is...
The wave-like muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tube that help move the oocyte towards the uterus.
Peristalsis
180
The ________________ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the shedding of the endometrial lining.
The **Menstrual** phase of the menstrual cycle involves the shedding of the endometrial lining.
181
# What is...
The process of sperm production within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, starting at puberty and continuing throughout adult life.
Spermatogenesis
182
What structures are included in the external genitalia of males?
The external genitalia include the penis and scrotum.
183
What are the main components of the female duct system?
The main components are the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes.
184
Testosterone is produced in which cell type?
Interstitial cells
185
# What is...
The primary male sex hormone produced from androgens that is crucial for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.
Testosterone
186
# Define:
Spiral Arteries
Blood vessels in the endometrium that elongate and increase blood supply during the secretory phase to support a potential embryo.
187
# Define:
Inner Cell Mass
The cluster of cells inside the fertilized egg that develops into the embryo.
188
What is the purpose of the vascular spaces in the erectile tissue of the penis?
The vascular spaces fill with blood during an erection, causing the penis to become enlarged and rigid.
189
Which layer of the endometrium regenerates after menstruation?
The basal layer regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.
190
# What is...
A type of bacteria that maintains the acidic environment of the vagina by converting glycogen into lactic acid.
Lactobacillus
191
What is the cortical reaction?
The cortical reaction destroys additional sperm receptors and hardens the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.
192
193
What happens to the veins in the penis during an erection?
The veins are compressed by the expanding erectile tissue, which helps maintain the erect state.
194
What occurs during the menstrual phase?
During the menstrual phase, the functional layer is shed, resulting in bleeding for 3 to 5 days.
195
What is the term for structures in the male and female reproductive systems that share a common origin?
These structures are called homologous.
196
# Define:
Erectile Tissue
Three cylindrical columns within the penis that fill with blood during an erection, causing it to become enlarged and rigid.
197
# Define:
Cervix
The neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina and has a mucus-secreting function to protect the uterus from infections and regulate sperm entry.
198
Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
A) Progesterone
B) Estrogen
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A) Progesterone
199
What are the primary sex organs in males and females?
In males, the primary sex organs are the testes; in females, they are the ovaries.
200
What happens to reproductive tissues if testosterone levels decline or are absent?
If testosterone levels decline or are absent, reproductive tissues reduce in size.
201
What is the primary role of the female reproductive system?
The primary role is to produce offspring for the survival of the species, including producing gametes (oocytes), providing an environment for offspring development, and giving birth.
202
# Define:
Bulbourethral Glands
Paired glands that produce a thick mucus to lubricate the glans penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation.
203
# Define:
Ejaculation
The propulsion of semen from the body, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
204
What is the prepuce?
The prepuce, or foreskin, is the fold of skin covering the glans penis, which is removed during circumcision.
205
# Define:
Estrogens
A group of hormones produced by the ovaries that regulate female reproductive and sexual functions.
206
How do identical twins occur?
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg divides into two embryos.
207
# Define:
Clitoris
An erectile tissue structure located at the top of the vulva, homologous to the glans penis in males, which becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal.
208
What is the name of the middle layer of the uterus?
a) Endometrium
b) Myometrium
c) Perimetrium
b) Myometrium
209
What hormones are primarily produced by the testes and ovaries?
The testes produce androgens, which are converted into testosterone. The ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone.
210
What are the key differences between sustentocytes and interstitial cells in the testes?
Sustentocytes support and nourish sperm and produce testicular fluid and ABP, while interstitial cells produce testosterone.
211
# What is...
A comma-shaped organ located on the posterior edge of the testes where sperm mature and are stored.
Epididymis
212
What is the effect of testosterone on the skin?
Testosterone can cause thickening and oiliness of the skin, potentially leading to acne.
213
# Define:
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction.
214
# Define:
Polyspermy
The condition where multiple sperm enter an oocyte, which can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes and typically results in the zygote's death.
215
How long can sperm live in the female reproductive tract?
Sperm can live in the female reproductive tract for up to a week.
216
What is the role of estrogen during the follicular phase?
Estrogen provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion and prevent the maturation of additional follicles.
217
What does testosterone do?
Stimulate spermatogenesis
218
# What is...
The recess within the labia minora that contains the external openings of the urethra, vagina, and greater vestibular glands.
Vestibule
219
What is contained in the secretion of the seminal vesicles?
The secretion contains fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen, and a yellow pigment that fluoresces under UV light.
220
How can HCG levels be used to confirm pregnancy?
HCG levels rise in the mother’s bloodstream and urine following fertilization, and its presence can confirm pregnancy through blood tests or home pregnancy tests.
221
# Define:
Accessory Reproductive Organs
Structures that support reproductive functions, including ducts, glands, and external genitalia.
222
# What is...
Three cylindrical columns within the penis that fill with blood during an erection, causing it to become enlarged and rigid.
Erectile Tissue
223
# Define:
Identical Twins
Twins that occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, resulting in genetically identical offspring.
224
# Define:
Secretory Phase
The phase of the uterine cycle following ovulation, characterized by the secretion of mucus and further thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for possible implantation.
225
Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Testosterone
D) FSH
C) Testosterone
226
What are the fimbriae, and where are they located?
Fimbriae are ciliated, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes that sit over the ovary.
227
# What is...
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
228
# What is...
A type of hormone synthesized from cholesterol, including testosterone, that affects various physiological processes.
Steroid Hormone
229
# Define:
Proliferative Phase
The phase of the uterine cycle following menstruation, during which the endometrial lining thickens and regenerates under the influence of estrogen.
230
How does the decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels affect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
The decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels stimulates the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, starting the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle anew.
231
How does a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels affect the endometrium?
The decline in estrogen and progesterone levels causes endometrial arteries to constrict, leading to tissue death and the start of menstruation.
232
# Define:
Functional Layer
The part of the endometrium that changes during the menstrual cycle and is shed during menstruation.
233
What is the cervix and how does it relate to the uterus and vagina?
The cervix is the neck of the uterus and is continuous with the vagina.
234
T/F: The acidic environment of the vagina may inhibit the journey of sperm through the female reproductive tract.
True
235
What are the uterine tubes also known as?
The uterine tubes are also known as the fallopian tubes or oviducts.
236
How do FSH and LH interact to regulate spermatogenesis and testosterone production?
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to produce ABP, supporting spermatogenesis, while LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which is necessary for both spermatogenesis and the maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.
237
What is the primary hormonal change that indicates the start of menstruation?
A) Increase in estrogen
B) Increase in progesterone
C) Decrease in progesterone
D) Decrease in estrogen
C) Decrease in progesterone
238
# Define:
Luteal Phase
The second phase of the ovarian cycle, starting around day 15 and lasting until day 28, marked by the formation of the corpus luteum and production of progesterone and estrogen.
239
How does vasectomy affect the ejaculate?
a) Sperm are produced but absent from semen
b) Increase in semen volume
c) Sperm have an increased motility
d) Sperm are no longer produced
a) Sperm are produced but absent from semen
240
# Define:
Testosterone
The primary male sex hormone produced from androgens that is crucial for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.
241
# Define:
Corpus Albicans
The scar tissue formed when the corpus luteum degenerates if fertilization does not occur, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels.
242
# What is...
A protein produced by sustentocytes that binds to testosterone, concentrating it in the seminiferous tubules to enhance spermatogenesis..
Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
243
Oocytes are produced in the fallopian tubes.
True/False
False
244
What is the primary purpose of the uterine cycle?
The primary purpose of the uterine cycle is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg.
245
What is the primary focus of the secretory phase?
The secretory phase focuses on preparing the uterus for embryo implantation.
246
# What is...
A condition defined by having fewer than 10 million sperm per milliliter of semen.
Infertile
247
# Define:
Ovulation
The process during which a mature ovarian follicle releases an oocyte into the uterine tube, typically occurring around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.
248
What is the Cortical reaction?
Destruction of sperm receptors and hardening of zona pellucida
249
What is the primary function of progesterone?
Promote blood vessels and gland growth
250
# What is...
The fatty, rounded area of tissue that covers the pubic symphysis.
Mons Pubis
251
What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?
The three phases of the uterine cycle are the menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
252
How does the implantation of the blastocyst affect the uterine cycle?
A) It triggers the start of menstruation
B) It leads to the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
C) It decreases progesterone levels
D) It causes follicular maturation
B) It leads to the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
253
T/F: A vasectomy results in a decrease in testosterone levels in the blood.
False
Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells in the scrotum and travels into the both the bloodstream and the seminiferous tubules. In the seminiferous tubules testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis however testosterone that travels in the bloodstream continues to maintain male secondary sex characteristics. So testosterone levels in the blood are not affected by a vasectomy.
254
# What is...
The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for initiating ejaculation by contracting reproductive ducts and accessory glands.
Sympathetic Nervous System
255
What triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining?
The decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining, resulting in menstruation.
256
The mucus of the cervix also blocks the entry of sperm except at midcycle when the mucus become less what?
Viscous
257
Why is the position of the testes important for sperm production?
The position of the testes in the scrotum helps maintain a temperature around 34°C, which is crucial for effective sperm production.
258
What role do the seminal vesicles play in semen production?
The seminal vesicles add a viscous fluid that constitutes about 60-70% of semen volume, providing energy for sperm and aiding in their movement and fertilization capabilities.
259
# Define:
Spermatogonium
A stem cell in the seminiferous tubules that undergoes mitosis and meiosis to produce spermatids.
260
Which hormone stimulates the cells that produce ABP?
FSH
261
What is the zona pellucida?
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization.
262
# Define:
Sperm Capacitation
The process that sperm undergo to become capable of fertilizing an oocyte, involving the removal of protective elements from the sperm's plasma membrane, enhancing motility, and allowing the release of enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida.
263
# What is...
Glands located near the vaginal opening that secrete mucus to facilitate intercourse, analogous to the male bulbourethral glands.
Greater Vestibular Glands
264
When does the placenta take over progesterone production?
The placenta becomes mature enough to take over progesterone production around 8 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.
265
# Define:
Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
A protein produced by sustentocytes that binds to testosterone, concentrating it in the seminiferous tubules to enhance spermatogenesis..
266
Which hormone stimulates follicle growth during the follicular phase?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle growth during the follicular phase.
267
The interstital cells once stimulated produce which hormone?
Testosterone
268
# Define:
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates spermatogenesis by promoting the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in sustentacular cells.
269
# Define:
Mons Pubis
The fatty, rounded area of tissue that covers the pubic symphysis.
270
# What is...
A division of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily functions during rest and relaxation, including the regulation of erection by releasing nitric oxide.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
271
What is the basal layer of the endometrium?
The basal layer is not responsive to hormonal changes and regenerates the functional layer each month after menstruation.
272
# Define:
Gonads
The primary sex organs that produce gametes and sex hormones, which are testes in males and ovaries in females.
273
What does a positive result on a home pregnancy test indicate?
A positive result indicates the presence of HCG, confirming a fertilized embryo.
274
If unfertilised the oocyte travels to the __________ through the ______________ into the ____________.
If unfertilised the oocyte travels to the uterus through the cervix into the vagina.
275
# Define:
Glycogen
A carbohydrate produced by uterine glands that helps nourish the embryo during implantation.
276
What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy?
HCG maintains the corpus luteum, preventing its degeneration, thus keeping progesterone and estrogen levels high.
277
# What is...
Hormones, including FSH and LH, that target and regulate the function of the gonads (testes in males).
Gonadotropins
278
What is the typical length of the ovarian cycle?
The ovarian cycle is typically described as a 28-day cycle.
279
# What is...
A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.
Uterus
280
# Define:
Seminal Vesicles
Paired glands that secrete a viscous fluid that constitutes about 60-70% of semen volume, enhancing sperm motility and providing energy through fructose.
281
How do twins form and what are the differences between identical and fraternal twins?
Twins form from either a single fertilized egg splitting (identical) or two separate oocytes being fertilized (fraternal).
282
How long can sperm survive in the female reproductive system?
Sperm can survive in the female reproductive system for 12 to 24 hours.
283
# What is...
Referring to structures in different sexes that share a common origin during embryonic development and often have similar functions.
Homologous
284
# What is...
A glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg. It plays a crucial role in the fertilization process.
Zona Pellucida
285
What are the three layers of the uterus?
The three layers are the perimetrium (outer layer), the myometrium (muscular layer), and the endometrium (inner mucosal layer).
286
What factors can influence the accuracy of home pregnancy tests?
What factors can influence the accuracy of home pregnancy tests?
287
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
Uterine tubes
288
# Define:
Antrum
Fluid-filled cavity within a developing ovarian follicle that helps expel the oocyte during ovulation.
289
# What is...
The first phase of the ovarian cycle, lasting from approximately day 1 to day 14, characterized by the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Follicular Phase
290
# Define:
Prepuce
Also known as foreskin, a fold of skin covering the glans penis, which is removed during circumcision.
291
Why is the zona pellucida important in fertilization?
The zona pellucida is important because it is the barrier sperm must penetrate to reach the oocyte.
292
An ovulated oocyte after being swept up by the fimbriae enter what?
Uterine tubes
293
How long does the oocyte usually survive after ovulation?
a) around 5 days
b) 12-24 hours
c) 24-48 hours
d) up to a week
b) 12-24 hours
294
How does an erection occur?
During an erection, parasympathetic nerves release nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels, and increases blood flow into the arterioles, filling the vascular spaces in the erectile tissue.
295
# Define:
Myometrium
The thick muscular layer of the uterine wall that contracts to expel the baby during childbirth.
296
What is the function of the greater vestibular glands?
The greater vestibular glands release mucus to facilitate intercourse.
297
# What is...
A smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts to decrease surface area and reduce heat loss when the testes are cold.
Dartos Muscle
298
# What is...
The process by which the embryo attaches to and embeds itself within the endometrial lining of the uterus.
Implantation
299
What is the primary function of oestrogen?
Promote repair and regeneration of functional layer
300
Which of the following does the scrotum contain?
- Testes
- Seminal vesicles
- Epidydimis
- Seminiferous tubules
- Penis
- Bulbourethral glands
- Prostate gland
- Testes
- Epidydimis
- Seminiferous tubules
301
When must intercourse occur for fertilization to take place?
Intercourse must occur within a couple of days leading up to or on the day of ovulation.
302
# What is...
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
303
# What is...
A chemical released by parasympathetic nerves that relaxes smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow during an erection.
Nitric Oxide
304
What connects the uterine tubes to the ovaries?
nothing/there is a gap/fluid
305
When does the placenta begin to produce most of the estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?
The placenta begins to produce most of the estrogen and progesterone from weeks 8 to 12 onwards.
306
What is the role of trophoblast cells in early pregnancy?
Trophoblast cells eventually form the placenta, which nourishes the embryo, removes waste, and produces hormones.
307
# Define:
Dartos Muscle
A smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts to decrease surface area and reduce heat loss when the testes are cold.
308
# Define:
Secondary Male Sex Characteristics
Physical traits that develop during puberty and are influenced by testosterone, including facial hair, deep voice, and increased muscle mass.
309
What are the stages of follicle maturation?
The stages of follicle maturation are primordial, primary, secondary, and vesicular (tertiary) follicles.
310
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans.
311
How does the uterus prepare for implantation?
The uterus becomes highly receptive with a well-developed blood supply and production of glycogen by the uterine glands to nourish the embryo.
312
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Fertilization usually occurs at the distal end of the uterine tube.
313
# Define:
Vagina
A thin-walled muscular tube that serves as the passageway for menstrual fluids, penis during intercourse, and the fetus during childbirth.
314
# What is...
The propulsion of semen from the body, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
Ejaculation
315
What are some secondary sex characteristics influenced by testosterone?
Secondary sex characteristics include enhanced hair growth, deepening of the voice, thickening and oiliness of the skin, increased bone size and density, and greater skeletal muscle mass.
316
When does oogenesis begin, and how many oocytes are initially formed?
Oogenesis begins during the fetal period, with approximately 7 million oocytes initially formed.
317
What is the role of sperm in fertilization?
The sperm's role is to penetrate the oocyte, combining its chromosomes with those of the oocyte to create a fertilized egg.
318
# What is...
Paired glands that produce a thick mucus to lubricate the glans penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation.
Bulbourethral Glands
319
What does the LH surge cause in the luteal phase?
The LH surge causes the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.
320
What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
During the follicular phase, a follicle grows and matures, and ovulation occurs around day 14.
321
What is the function of the epididymis?
The epididymis stores, nourishes, and matures sperm, and recycles damaged or non-motile sperm.
322
# What is...
A protein in seminal vesicle secretion that forms a clot in the ejaculate, aiding sperm mobility by adhering the semen to the vaginal wall.
Fibrinogen
323
# What is...
Follicular cells surrounding the oocyte within the ovarian follicles that support its development.
Granulosa Cells
324
Fertilization typically occurs in the ________ tube.
Fertilization typically occurs in the **Uterine** tube.
325
# Define:
Testes
The male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone, housed in the scrotum.
326
# What is...
A group of hormones, including testosterone, that influence male traits and reproductive activity.
Androgens
327
# Define:
Vestibule
The recess within the labia minora that contains the external openings of the urethra, vagina, and greater vestibular glands.
328
# Define:
Semen
A mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands, slightly alkaline, that provides a medium for sperm transport and protection.
329
What triggers ovulation?
The surge in LH triggered by peak estrogen levels causes ovulation.
330
What is the structure of the ovaries?
The ovaries are small, almond-shaped organs containing ovarian follicles embedded in the cortex.
331
# Define:
Androgens
A group of hormones, including testosterone, that influence male traits and reproductive activity.
332
# Define:
Granulosa Cells
Follicular cells surrounding the oocyte within the ovarian follicles that support its development.
333
# Define:
Acrosome
A cap-like structure covering the head of a sperm, containing enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the oocyte.
334
What is amenorrhea and what can cause it?
Amenorrhea is the cessation of menstruation, which can result from ill health or excessive physical training in athletes.
335
# Define:
Scrotum
A pouch of skin that houses the testes and maintains their optimal temperature for sperm production.
336
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
A) Produce sperm
B) Produce a component of semen
C) Store sperm
D) Produce testosterone
B) Produce a component of semen
337
# Define:
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.
338
Describe the pathway of sperm from spermatogenesis to outside the body using the following terms:
- Seminiferous tubules
- Urethra
- Ductus deferens
- Epididymis
- Ejaculatory duct
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Epididymis
3. Ductus deferens
4. Ejaculatory duct
5. Urethra
339
What does the cremaster muscle do when the testes are cold?
It pulls the scrotum closer to the body for warmth.
340
What are the labia majora and labia minora?
The labia majora are two fatty skin folds analogous to the male scrotum, while the labia minora are two hair-free skin folds that enclose the vestibule.
341
What hormone do the trophoblast cells produce and secrete?
a) hCG
b) Progesterone
c) Oestrogen
d) FSH
a) hCG
342
# Define:
Embryo
The developmental stage from fertilization until approximately 8 weeks of gestation.
343
What are interstitial cells and what do they produce?
Interstitial cells, or Leydig cells, produce testosterone.
344
What is capacitation?
Capacitation is the process that removes protective elements from the sperm's plasma membrane, making it unstable and allowing the sperm to release enzymes necessary for penetrating the zona pellucida.
345
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
The primary function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring.
346
During the menstrual phase, the endometrial lining is rebuilt in preparation for a potential pregnancy.
True/False
False
347
What is testosterone synthesized from?
Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol.
348
# Define:
Inhibin
A hormone produced alongside progesterone and estrogen to help maintain the endometrium and support pregnancy.
349
# Define:
Fraternal Twins
Twins that occur when two separate oocytes are released and fertilized individually, resulting in siblings with different genetic material.
350
# Define:
Interstitial Cells
Also known as Leydig cells; cells located outside the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone.
351
How is the uterine cycle regulated?
The uterine cycle is regulated by estrogen and progesterone released by the ovary.
352
What are the challenges sperm face in reaching the oocyte?
Sperm face challenges such as leakage from the vagina, hostile acidic conditions, trapping in cervical mucus, and destruction by uterine macrophages.
353
What do trophoblast cells develop into?
a) Placenta
b) Zona pellucida
c) Embryo
d) Corona radiata
a) Placenta
354
# Define:
Corpus Spongiosum
The erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis, helping to keep the urethra open during erection.
355
# Define:
Fertilization
The process by which sperm and ovum combine to form a zygote, leading to the development of an embryo.
356
# What is...
A mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands, slightly alkaline, that provides a medium for sperm transport and protection.
Semen
357
What is the role of the smooth muscle surrounding seminiferous tubules?
It helps propel sperm out of the testes and into the epididymis.
358
What occurs in the follicular phase?
Follicle development
359
Why is semen slightly alkaline?
Semen is slightly alkaline to neutralize the acidic environments of both the male and female reproductive tracts, aiding sperm survival and movement.
360
# What is...
Specialized sex cells (sperm in males and oocytes or ova in females) involved in sexual reproduction.
Gametes
361
What happens to the follicle after ovulation?
The released oocyte and the remaining follicle become the corpus luteum.
362
Where are the cells that produce ABP located?
Seminiferous tubules
363
Fertilization usually occurs in the uterus.
True/False
False
364
The cervix has glands that secretes mucus, the function of the mucus is to block the spread of _____________ from the vagina into the uterus
The cervix has glands that secretes mucus, the function of the mucus is to block the spread of bacteria from the vagina into the uterus
365
How many primary oocytes remain at puberty, and what happens to them?
By puberty, around 400,000 primary oocytes remain. A small number are recruited each month, with only one selected to complete meiosis and form the mature oocyte.
366
The sustentocytes once stimulated produce which protein?
ABP
367
What changes occur in hormone production from the beginning to the end of early pregnancy?
Initially, the corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen, but by around 8 to 12 weeks, the placenta takes over progesterone production, leading to the degeneration of the corpus luteum.
368
# What is...
Male gametes that carry half of the genetic material necessary for fertilization.
Sperm
369
Which phase of the uterine cycle is characterized by the shedding of the endometrial lining?
A) Menstrual phase
B) Proliferative phase
C) Secretory phase
D) Ovulatory phase
A) Menstrual phase
370
# What is...
Fluid-filled cavity within a developing ovarian follicle that helps expel the oocyte during ovulation.
Antrum
371
Why is progesterone important during early pregnancy?
Progesterone is crucial for maintaining the endometrium, preventing miscarriage, supporting breast tissue development, and fetal development.
372
# Define:
Infertile
A condition defined by having fewer than 10 million sperm per milliliter of semen.
373
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce ________ and ________.
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce **Progesterone** and **estrogen**.
374
How do sperm penetrate the zona pellucida?
Multiple sperm release acrosomal enzymes to digest a path through the zona pellucida to the oocyte’s plasma membrane.
375
What happens after the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes fuse?
The sperm’s nucleus enters the oocyte, triggering a rise in calcium levels and the cortical reaction.
376
What happens to sperm that are not ejaculated?
They are stored in the tail of the epididymis for several months and then phagocytosed and recycled.
377
What is the role of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in semen production?
They secrete fluids that combine with sperm to form semen.
378
# Define:
Progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries that plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.
379
What happens if implantation does not occur?
If implantation does not occur, menstruation will result in the shedding of the functional layer, including any implanted embryo.
380
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining begin to rebuild?
A) Follicular phase
B) Ovulatory phase
C) Luteal phase
D) Menstrual phase
A) Follicular phase
381
What occurs in the Luteal phase?
Corpus luteum development
382
# Define:
Cremaster Muscle
A skeletal muscle that elevates the scrotum closer to the body for warmth when the testes are cold.
383
What hormone does the hypothalamus release to start the HPG axis?
The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
384
What are the functions of estrogen in females?
Estrogen promotes oogenesis, growth of reproductive organs, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and calcium uptake by bones.
385
What is the role of cervical mucus?
Cervical mucus helps block bacteria from entering the uterus and sperm from entering except at mid-cycle when it becomes less viscous to allow sperm passage.
386
# What is...
A skeletal muscle that elevates the scrotum closer to the body for warmth when the testes are cold.
Cremaster Muscle
387
# What is...
Two hair-free skin folds that enclose the vestibule and are located inside the labia majora.
Labia Minora
388
What happens to the corpus luteum after the placenta matures?
The corpus luteum degenerates after the placenta matures and takes over progesterone production.
389
# What is...
The outer layer of cells surrounding the inner cell mass in the fertilized egg, which will develop into the placenta.
Trophoblast Cells
390
What are the outcomes of successful versus unsuccessful fertilization?
Successful fertilization leads to a single-cell zygote, while unsuccessful fertilization or polyspermy can lead to a non-viable zygote with abnormal chromosome numbers.
391
At what stage does a developing human become a fetus?
A developing human becomes a fetus from Week 9 to birth.
392
How does ejaculation differ from erection in terms of nervous system control?
Ejaculation is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, while erection is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
393
What muscles are involved in regulating the temperature of the testes?
The dartos muscle and the cremaster muscle.
394
The sustentocytes are stimulated to produce a protein by which hormone
FSH
395
What is the functional layer of the endometrium?
The functional layer undergoes cyclical changes due to ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation.
396
# Define:
Follicular Phase
The first phase of the ovarian cycle, lasting from approximately day 1 to day 14, characterized by the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
397
# What is...
Sex cells produced by the female reproductive system, which are necessary for reproduction.
Oocytes
398
# What is...
A thin-walled muscular tube that serves as the passageway for menstrual fluids, penis during intercourse, and the fetus during childbirth.
Vagina
399
# What is...
Ciliated, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes that help capture the ovulated oocyte and guide it into the tube.
Fimbriae
400
# What is...
Substances in the seminal vesicle secretion that initiate contractions of smooth muscle within the female reproductive system to aid sperm movement.
Prostaglandins
401
The fallopian tubes are the primary site for sperm storage.
True/False
False
402
# What is...
The male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone, housed in the scrotum.
Testes
403
There are two phases in the ovarian cycle, the first is the _________ phase, the second is the _______________ phase
There are two phases in the ovarian cycle, the first is the follicular phase, the second is the luteal phase
404
How long does the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle typically last?
A) 7 days
B) 14 days
C) 21 days
D) 28 days
B) 14 days
405
# What is...
A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
406
What are ovarian follicles, and where are they located?
Ovarian follicles are structures in the cortex of the ovaries that consist of immature oocytes surrounded by granulosa cells.
407
# Define:
Oocytes
Female gametes, also known as eggs, involved in reproduction.
408
What processes occur after sperm and oocyte membranes fuse?
After fusion, the sperm’s nucleus enters the oocyte, leading to calcium-induced changes that prevent additional sperm from entering.
409
# What is...
Two fatty skin folds that enclose and protect the labia minora, analogous to the male scrotum.
Labia Majora
410
The structure responsible for storing and maturing sperm is the __________.
The structure responsible for storing and maturing sperm is the **Epididymis**.
411
# What is...
The cluster of cells inside the fertilized egg that develops into the embryo.
Inner Cell Mass
412
# What is...
Blood vessels that transport GnRH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal Portal Veins
413
What is Fertilisation ?
process of combining sperm and oocyte's DNA
414
# Define:
Ejaculatory Duct
A short tube where the ductus deferens joins with the seminal vesicles and passes into the urethra, carrying sperm and seminal fluid.
415
# What is...
The process that sperm undergo to become capable of fertilizing an oocyte, involving the removal of protective elements from the sperm's plasma membrane, enhancing motility, and allowing the release of enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida.
Sperm Capacitation
416
# Define:
Prostate
A gland that produces about 30% of semen volume, containing nutrients and enzymes that break down the seminal clot to facilitate sperm motility.
417
How is sperm ejected from the epididymis?
Sperm are ejected via contractions of smooth muscle, which move them into the ductus deferens.
418
Which glands contribute fluids to produce semen?
The seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.
419
How many primary oocytes does a female have at birth?
At birth, a female has approximately 2 million primary oocytes.
420
# Define:
Placenta
An organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the embryo, remove waste, and produce hormones.
421
The interstital cells are stimulated to produce a hormone by which hormone?
LH
422
# Define:
Amenorrhea
The cessation of menstruation, which can be caused by factors such as ill health or excessive physical training.
423
# What is...
Twins that occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, resulting in genetically identical offspring.
Identical Twins
424
What role does progesterone play in the secretory phase?
Progesterone stimulates the secretion of nutrient-rich mucus and prepares the endometrium for embryo implantation.
425
# Define:
Lactobacillus
A type of bacteria that maintains the acidic environment of the vagina by converting glycogen into lactic acid.
426
# What is...
A cap-like structure covering the head of a sperm, containing enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the oocyte.
Acrosome
427
What is the typical volume and sperm concentration in semen?
Semen volume is between 2 to 5 milliliters, with up to 150 million sperm per milliliter. Anything less than 10 million sperm per milliliter is considered infertile.
428
What are the primary sex organs in the female reproductive system?
The primary sex organs are the ovaries.
429
# Define:
Ovarian Follicles
Structures in the ovaries containing immature oocytes surrounded by follicular cells. They go through stages of maturation and release an oocyte during the menstrual cycle.
430
# Define:
Steroid Hormone
A type of hormone synthesized from cholesterol, including testosterone, that affects various physiological processes.
431
# What is...
Physical traits that develop during puberty and are influenced by testosterone, including facial hair, deep voice, and increased muscle mass.
Secondary Male Sex Characteristics
432
# What is...
Also known as Sertoli cells, sustentacular cells, or nurse cells; support cells in the seminiferous tubules that produce testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein (ABP).
Sustentocytes
433
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the follicle mature and release an egg?
A) Follicular phase
B) Ovulatory phase
C) Luteal phase
D) Menstrual phase
B) Ovulatory phase
434
# What is...
A stem cell in the seminiferous tubules that undergoes mitosis and meiosis to produce spermatids.
Spermatogonium
435
# Define:
Uterus
A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.
436
# What is...
The copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract, consisting of the glans penis and covered by the prepuce or foreskin.
Penis
437
What happens to sperm that are not ejaculated?
Sperm that are not ejaculated are phagocytosed and recycled in the epididymis.
438
Where does fertilization typically occur?
A) Uterus
B) Ovary
C) Uterine tube
D) Cervix
C) Uterine tube
439
Which gland contributes the largest volume to semen?
a) Prostate Gland
b) Seminal vesicles
c) Bulbourethral glands
b) Seminal vesicles
440
What stage of development is defined as an embryo?
An embryo is the stage from fertilization to 8 weeks.
441
Which phase follows the menstrual phase and what happens during it?
The proliferative phase follows the menstrual phase, involving the rebuilding and regeneration of the functional layer driven by increasing estrogen levels.
442
Why is the vaginal environment acidic?
The acidic environment is due to the metabolic activity of Lactobacillus, which converts glycogen into lactic acid, helping to prevent infections.
443
# Define:
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)
The series of changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus, consisting of three phases: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
444
What roles do sex hormones play in the body?
Sex hormones influence the development and function of reproductive organs, sexual behavior and drives, and growth and development of other organs and tissues.
445
What is the total distance sperm travel from the testes to outside the body?
Sperm travel over 6 meters through the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
446
# What is...
A temporary endocrine structure formed from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase.
Corpus Luteum
447
What are sustentocytes and what is their role?
Sustentocytes, also known as Sertoli cells, support and nourish developing sperm and produce testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein (ABP).
448
# What is...
The process by which sperm and ovum combine to form a zygote, leading to the development of an embryo.
Fertilization
449
What is oogenesis, and where does it occur?
Oogenesis is the production of oocytes, and it occurs in the ovaries.
450
# What is...
Small, almond-shaped organs located at the distal end of the uterine tubes that produce female gametes (oocytes) and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
Ovaries
451
How does testosterone affect erection and ejaculation?
Testosterone enhances the ability to maintain an erection and achieve ejaculation. Without it, these functions are impaired.
452
What occurs in the secretory phase?
Blood vessels grow, gland produce glycogen prepare for implantation
453
How does the dartos muscle respond to cold temperatures?
It contracts to decrease surface area, making the scrotum thick and wrinkled to reduce heat loss.
454
How long can a sperm survive in the female reproductive system?
a) around 5 days
b) 12-24 hours
c) 24-48 hours
d) up to a week
d) up to a week
455
What is the function of ABP?
Binds and concentrates testosterone
456
What role does the scrotum play in sperm production?
The scrotum maintains the testes at a temperature optimal for sperm production, which is around 34°C.
457
What is the function of the vagina?
The vagina provides a passageway for menstrual fluids, the penis during intercourse, and the fetus during childbirth. It also contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue for stretch and rhythmic contractions.
458
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
The bulbourethral glands produce thick mucus that lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra.
459
# Define:
Sperm
Male gametes that carry half of the genetic material necessary for fertilization.
460
# Define:
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
461
What are some reasons many sperm do not reach the oocyte?
Many sperm are lost due to leakage from the vagina, destruction by acidic conditions, trapping in cervical mucus, or phagocytosis by uterine macrophages.
462
What is capacitation?
Process that thins the plasma membrane over the acrosome
463
# Define:
Olfactory Receptors
Proteins on capacitated sperm that help them detect and navigate towards the oocyte by responding to chemicals released by the oocyte or its surrounding cells.
464
# What is...
The thick muscular layer of the uterine wall that contracts to expel the baby during childbirth.
Myometrium
465
# Define:
Gonadotropins
Hormones, including FSH and LH, that target and regulate the function of the gonads (testes in males).
466
What are seminiferous tubules and where are they located?
Seminiferous tubules are fluid-filled tubes located inside the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.
467
# Define:
Cortical Reaction
The reaction triggered by the entry of sperm into the oocyte, which destroys additional sperm receptors and hardens the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.
468
# What is...
Structures in the ovaries containing immature oocytes surrounded by follicular cells. They go through stages of maturation and release an oocyte during the menstrual cycle.
Ovarian Follicles
469
What role does GnRH play in the hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle?
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, which regulate the ovarian cycle.
470
What is the function of the penis?
The penis delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.
471
# Define:
Primary Oocytes
Immature oocytes present from birth that remain in a suspended state until they are recruited for maturation during the menstrual cycle.
472
# Define:
Primordial Follicles
The earliest stage of ovarian follicles containing primary oocytes. They are present from birth and remain dormant until puberty.
473
# Define:
Sustentocytes
Also known as Sertoli cells, sustentacular cells, or nurse cells; support cells in the seminiferous tubules that produce testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein (ABP).
474
What structure stores sperm until ejaculation?
A) Seminal vesicle
B) Prostate gland
C) Epididymis
D) Vas deferens
C) Epididymis
475
# Define:
Zona Pellucida
A glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg. It plays a crucial role in the fertilization process.
476
What role does luteinizing hormone (LH) play in the ovarian cycle?
LH triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.
477
What is the glans penis?
The glans penis is the enlarged tip at the end of the penis.
478
# Define:
Ductus Deferens
A tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct, also known as the vas deferens.
479
Which layer of the uterine wall changes throughout the uterine cycle?
a) The muscle layer of the myometrium
b) The basal layer of the endometrium
c) The functional layer of the endometrium
c) The functional layer of the endometrium
480
Where does sperm travel after leaving the epididymis?
Sperm travel through the ductus deferens (vas deferens) to the ejaculatory duct and then to the urethra.
481
# What is...
Also known as foreskin, a fold of skin covering the glans penis, which is removed during circumcision.
Prepuce
482
How does estrogen affect cervical mucus during the proliferative phase?
Estrogen makes cervical mucus less viscous and thinner to facilitate sperm entry.
483
# Define:
Fibrinogen
A protein in seminal vesicle secretion that forms a clot in the ejaculate, aiding sperm mobility by adhering the semen to the vaginal wall.
484
# What is...
The phase of the uterine cycle following ovulation, characterized by the secretion of mucus and further thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for possible implantation.
Secretory Phase
485
Where does fertilization normally take place?
Fertilization normally takes place in the uterine tube, specifically towards the distal end.
486
# Define:
Ovarian Cycle
The series of events in the ovaries that produce and release an oocyte, divided into the follicular phase and the luteal phase.
487
What are the accessory reproductive organs in the female reproductive system?
The accessory reproductive organs include the ducts, glands, and external genitalia.
488
# Define:
Peritoneal Fluid
The fluid in the peritoneal cavity between the ovary and the uterine tube that assists in moving the oocyte into the uterine tube.
489
# What is...
The primary sex organs that produce gametes and sex hormones, which are testes in males and ovaries in females.
Gonads
490
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates sperm production in males.
True/False
True
491
Which hormone surge triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
A) Progesterone
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Estrogen
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
492
Which of these hormones directly control the uterine cycle?
Progesterone
FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone & Oestrogen
493
# What is...
Female gametes, also known as eggs, involved in reproduction.
Oocytes
494
# Define:
Corpus Luteum
A temporary endocrine structure formed from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase.
495
# What is...
Twins that occur when two separate oocytes are released and fertilized individually, resulting in siblings with different genetic material.
Fraternal Twins
496
How does testosterone production change with age, and what are its effects?
Testosterone levels generally decline with age, which can lead to reduced muscle mass, bone density, libido, and energy levels in older men.
497
# Define:
Vasectomy
A surgical procedure where the ductus deferens is cut or ligated to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate.
498
# Define:
Endometrium
The inner mucosal layer of the uterus that supports the implantation of a fertilized egg.
499
How does the sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) support spermatogenesis?
Sustentocytes provide nutrients, growth signals, and testicular fluid that helps transport spermatids through the seminiferous tubules.
500
What are the key stages of embryo implantation?
Embryo implantation involves the embryo attaching to the endometrial wall, embedding itself within the endometrium, and being covered by endometrial cells while surrounded by a pool of blood.
501
What happens at the ejaculatory duct?
The ejaculatory duct is where the ductus deferens joins the seminal vesicles and then connects to the urethra, allowing sperm and seminal fluids to mix.
502
How does testosterone contribute to spermatogenesis?
Testosterone binds to ABP in the seminiferous tubules, supporting and enhancing spermatogenesis.
503
What is the role of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
A) Nourish the developing embryo
B) Facilitate sperm entry
C) Protect the oocyte
D) Support implantation
B) Facilitate sperm entry
504
# What is...
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
505
How is the erectile state maintained?
The expansion of the erectile tissue compresses veins that drain blood from the penis, maintaining the erectile state.
506
# What is...
The cessation of menstruation, which can be caused by factors such as ill health or excessive physical training.
Amenorrhea
507
# What is...
The tube through which sperm and urine are expelled from the body.
Urethra
508
How long is the epididymis?
The epididymis is about 6 meters long.
509
What is the purpose of a vasectomy?
A vasectomy involves cutting or ligating the ductus deferens to prevent sperm from entering the seminal fluid and being ejaculated.
510
# Define:
Ovaries
Small, almond-shaped organs located at the distal end of the uterine tubes that produce female gametes (oocytes) and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
511
# What is...
The series of changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus, consisting of three phases: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)
512
# Define:
Labia Majora
Two fatty skin folds that enclose and protect the labia minora, analogous to the male scrotum.
513
Complete the figure
514
Which structure describes the following?
*Houses the testis
Is composed of the dartos and cremaster muscles which maintain optimal temperature for the production of viable sperm*
Scrotum
515
Which structure describes the following?
*Contains interstitial cells which produce and secrete testosterone
Contains the seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
Contains sustentocytes which produce androgen-binding protein (ABP)*
Testis
516
Which structure describes the following?
*Stores, nourishes and protects sperm
Facilitates the functional maturation of the sperm gain the ability to swim
Acts as a recycling centre for damaged sperm
Ejaculates sperm in to the ductus deferens*
Epididymis
517
Which structure describes the following?
*Doughnut shaped gland, surrounds the urethra & produces fluid contributing 30% to semen volume. This fluid contains nutrients and enzymes*
Prostate gland
518
Which structure describes the following?
*Produce and release seminal fluid, a viscous fluid which makes up 60-70% of semen volume and contains substances that enhance sperm motility and their ability to fertilise an oocyte:
energy
prostaglandins (smooth muscle contraction) and
fibrinogen (clots ejaculated semen in the vagina)*
Seminal vesicles
519
Which structure describes the following?
*Transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct*
Ductus deferens
520
Which structure describes the following?
*Transports sperm through the prostate gland to the urethra *
Ejaculatory duct
521
Which structure describes the following?
*Produces a thick mucus that lubricates the glans of the penis and neutralises traces of urine*
Bulbourethral glands
522
Which structure describes the following?
*Is composed of erectile tissue
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract*
Penis
523
Describe the structures that sperm travel through
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra
524
1. Which hormone triggers spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
525
2. Which cells within the testes produce and secrete Testosterone?
Interstitial cells
526
3. Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates Interstitial cells to produce Testosterone?
LH
527
4. How does the anterior pituitary hormone FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis?
FSH stimulates sustentocytes to produce and secrete androgen-binding protein, which binds and concentrates testosterone to maintain the high levels required for spermatogenesis.
528
Complete the figure
529
Which structure describes the following?
*Is often called the birth canal
Provides a passageway for menstrual fluids
Receives the penis during intercourse*
Vagina
530
Which structure describes the following?
*Provides an environment for the development of offspring.
The wall is composed of three layers:
Perimetrium – outer layer.
Myometrium – contracts during childbirth to expel the fetus.
Endometrium – contains the functional layer which is shed during menses. This is the site of implantation.*
Uterus
531
Which structure describes the following?
*Produces and secretes oestrogen and progesterone
Produces and ovulates secondary oocytes*
Ovary
532
Which structure describes the following?
*Is the usual site of fertilisation*
Uterine tube
533
Which structure describes the following?
*Has ciliated finger-like projections. These assist the oocytes journey into the uterine tube. *
Fimbriae
534
(i) Menses occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
A. What does this process involve?
The shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.
535
b. What causes menses to occur?
Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone.
536
At the same time as menses, follicles begin to develop in the ovary.
A. What is this ovarian phase called?
Follicular phase
537
B. Which hormone is responsible for follicle development?
FSH
538
C. Where does this hormone come from?
Anterior pituitary
539
(iii) As the follicles develop they begin to secrete oestrogen. What effect does oestrogen have on the functional layer of the endometrium?
Oestrogen stimulates the repair and regeneration of the functional layer
540
Ovulation occurs at day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
A. Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
Luteinising hormone (LH)
541
B. What causes the surge in Luteinising hormone (LH) that triggers ovulation?
High levels of oestrogen
542
(v) After ovulation what structure is formed by the ruptured follicle and what hormone does this structure predominately produce?
Corpus luteum, progesterone
543
(vi) During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle what effect does progesterone have on the functional layer of the endometrium?
Increases blood supply (spiral arteries) to functional layer of the endometrium
Stimulates uterine glands to enlarge and secrete nutritious glycogen
Prepares the uterus (functional layer) for pregnancy
544
(vii) What happens to the structure identified in part (v) if fertilisation does not occur?
The corpus luteum degenerates
545
(viii) How does this affect ovarian hormone production?
Levels of progesterone and oestrogen decline rapidly
546
(ix) What process does this lead to?
Breakdown of the functional layer of the endometrium and menses
547
(i) Name the event occurring at #1.
Ovulation
548
(ii) How does an ovulated oocyte, reach the uterine tube?
Ciliated fimbriae sweep over oocyte to draw secondary oocyte into the uterine tube
549
(iii) Name the event occurring at #2 within the uterine tube.
Fertilisation
550
(iv) Name the structure at #3.
Fertilised oocyte
551
(v) Name the structure at #4.
Inner cell mass
552
(vi) What does the Inner cell mass develop into?
The embryo
553
(vii) Name the outer layer of cells at #5.
Trophoblast
554
(viii) What do the trophoblast cells develop into?
Placenta
555
(ix) Name the event occurring at #6.
Implantation
556
(x) What hormone do the embryonic trophoblast cells produce?
hCG
557
(xi) What effect does this hormone have on the corpus luteum in the ovary?
Prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum so it continues to produce progesterone (and oestrogen)
558
(xii) What is the purpose of preventing the degeneration of the corpus luteum?
Hormones maintain the endometrium and thus the developing embryo
559
1. Charlie has decided that he would like to have a child however has been diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome, an inherited disorder characterised by low GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone levels.
A. Given the hormonal evaluation, what endocrine organ do you think Kallmann Syndrome affects?
Hypothalamus
560
1. Charlie has decided that he would like to have a child however has been diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome, an inherited disorder characterised by low GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone levels.
B. How will this hormone profile affect fertility?
Decrease fertility due to a lack or decrease of spermatogenesis
561
1. Charlie has decided that he would like to have a child however has been diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome, an inherited disorder characterised by low GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone levels.
C. What could be done to overcome the infertility issues?
GnRH, LH and FSH injections
562
2. James and Rebecca have been trying to get pregnant for 6 months and upon referral to a fertility specialist, James discovers he has a decreased sperm count, resulting in decreased sperm motility. James is an avid cyclist, spending long hours on the bike wearing snug fitting, poorly ventilated lycra (Yes, he is a MAMIL: Middle aged man in lycra).
A. Do you think James’ cycling has anything to do with his sperm count? Why?
Yes, due to the nature of his seated position and the wearing of bike shorts, James’ testes are likely to be hotter than is required for optimal spermatogenesis.
563
2. James and Rebecca have been trying to get pregnant for 6 months and upon referral to a fertility specialist, James discovers he has a decreased sperm count, resulting in decreased sperm motility. James is an avid cyclist, spending long hours on the bike wearing snug fitting, poorly ventilated lycra (Yes, he is a MAMIL: Middle aged man in lycra).
B. What two muscles normally play a role in providing optimal conditions for sperm production?
Dartos muscle (causes wrinkled, thick scrotum when cold)
cremaster muscle (draws testes towards pelvis (proximally) when cold)
564
3. Sarah and Walter have decided they do not want any more children. Walter is booked in to have a vasectomy.
A. What does this involve and how will it prevent Sarah and Walter from having any more children?
Vasectomy involves cutting or ligation of the ductus (vas) deferens. The male reproductive tract is no longer continuous. Sperm can no longer make their way from the scotum and out of the male reproductive tract to fertilise an oocyte.
565
3. Sarah and Walter have decided they do not want any more children. Walter is booked in to have a vasectomy.
B. How would a vasectomy affect Walter’s testosterone levels and secondary sex characteristics why?
Testosterone stimulates the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone production is not changed by vasectomy so secondary sex characteristics remain unchanged.
566
4. How does the embryo contribute to its own survival in the early stages of pregnancy?
The trophoblast cells of the embryo produce the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). hCG signals to the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone and oestrogen. This continued production of progesterone and oestrogen maintains the endometrium. Menses does not occur.
567
A ruptured follicle is transformed into a/an:
A. Oocyte
B. Corpus luteum
C. Ovarian follicle
D. Blastocyst
A ruptured follicle is transformed into a/an:
A. Oocyte
**B. Corpus luteum**
C. Ovarian follicle
D. Blastocyst
568
Which of the following is found in the scrotum?
A. Ejaculatory duct
B. Seminal vesicles
C. Bulbourethral glands
D. Epididymis
Which of the following is found in the scrotum?
A. Ejaculatory duct
B. Seminal vesicles
C. Bulbourethral glands
**D. Epididymis**
569
What name/s is/are given to the stage/s of the uterine cycle?
A. Oogenesis
B. Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
C. Follicular and luteal phase
D. Endometrial, myometrial and perimetrial
What name/s is/are given to the stage/s of the uterine cycle?
A. Oogenesis
**B. Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase**
C. Follicular and luteal phase
D. Endometrial, myometrial and perimetrial
570
Sperm mature in the:
A. testes
B. ductus deferens
C. epididymis
D. seminal vesicles
Sperm mature in the:
A. testes
B. ductus deferens
**C. epididymis**
D. seminal vesicles
571
Ovulation is stimulated by which hormone?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Oestrogen
D. Progesterone
Ovulation is stimulated by which hormone?
**A. LH**
B. FSH
C. Oestrogen
D. Progesterone
572
Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Testosterone
D. All three are necessary
Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Testosterone
**D. All three are necessary**
573
Fertilisation occurs in the:
A. ovaries
B. uterus
C. vagina
D. uterine tubes
Fertilisation occurs in the:
A. ovaries
B. uterus
C. vagina
**D. uterine tubes**
574
Which of the following statements describes the function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
A. They provide optimal temperature conditions for sperm production.
B. They begin to contract during the initiation of labour.
C. They prevent loss of sperm from the vagina after ejaculation.
D. They are part of the myometrium
Which of the following statements describes the function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
**A. They provide optimal temperature conditions for sperm production.**
B. They begin to contract during the initiation of labour.
C. They prevent loss of sperm from the vagina after ejaculation.
D. They are part of the myometrium
575
Immediately after ovulation, the corpus luteum produces and secretes:
A. LH and FSH
B. GnRH
C. hCG
D. oestrogen and progesterone
Immediately after ovulation, the corpus luteum produces and secretes:
A. LH and FSH
B. GnRH
C. hCG
**D. oestrogen and progesterone**
576
Which of the following statements is true of both the male and the female reproductive systems?
A. The primary sex organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity.
B. The gametes are formed in the gonads.
C. The urethra is part of the reproductive system.
D. Production of gametes begins during fetal life.
Which of the following statements is true of both the male and the female reproductive systems?
A. The primary sex organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity.
**B. The gametes are formed in the gonads.**
C. The urethra is part of the reproductive system.
D. Production of gametes begins during fetal life.
