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Week 9/10 Flashcards

(100 cards)

1
Q

Carbohydrates derive from

OH + carbonyl group hydrocarbons

A

Hydroxyaldehydes and hydroxyketones

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2
Q

Monosaccharide

A

carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolozide
cannot be turned into a simpler carbon

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3
Q

Prefixes and ending of carbohydrates

A

tri (simplest) penta, hexa

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4
Q

carbohydrates containing a ketone or aldehyde are called

A

aldose or ketose

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5
Q

isomer

A

same molecular formula

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6
Q

Stereo isomers

same or different connectivity

A

same connectivity

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7
Q

Constitutional Isomers

similar to stereo isomers “bluetooth”

A

different connectivity

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8
Q

Chiral carbon

A

all four bonds of the carbon atom is bonded to another atom

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9
Q

Achiral isomers with and without stereocenters are

A

Without stereo centers - cis-/trans
with - chiral/enanitiomers

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10
Q

enantiomers

A

non superimposible mirror images
cannot be aligned (like left and right hand)

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11
Q

Non superimposable compounds have a

A

chiral carbon (stereocenters)

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12
Q

optically active

light question

A

each enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light

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13
Q

Chemical and physical properties of enantiomers are identical except

A

in their interactions with chiral substances + plane polarized like

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14
Q

polarimeter

A

measures ability of a compound to rotate the plane of polarized light

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15
Q

Dextrotatory

A

Clockwise (heaviest compound on the right

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16
Q

Levorotatory

A

Counter clock wise (heaviest compound on the left)

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17
Q

n is the maximum number of

A

asymetric carbon atoms “2^n)

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18
Q

Distereomers

superimpose

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images

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19
Q

FIscher Projection

A

Line depiction of the position of a compounds bonding and ions

Horizontal line projection forward from the stereocenters, vertical to the rear

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20
Q

How many enantiomers are there with 4 stereocenters

A

2^4

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21
Q

Aldehydes and Ketones react with alcohols to form

think half acetone

A

Hemiacetals

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22
Q

most common d-aldos are

A

d-aldtetrose, pentose, erythrose, threose, ribose, 2-deoxy-ribose

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23
Q

most common d- aldohexose are
(g starters)

A

d-glucose
d-galactose
d-glucsamine

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24
Q

when hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups are on the same molecule, cyclic _ form readily

A

cyclic hemiacetals form readily

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25
alpha points beta points
up down
26
Six membered hemiaceta ring | carbohydrate ending /\
pyranose
27
5 membered tetriacetal ring | furry carbohyrate
furanose
28
deoxy means no
oxygen
29
most common 5 membered cyclic hemiacetal | genes
ribose deoxyribose d-fructose
30
7 carbon aldehyde
aldoheptose
31
5 carbon ketone
ketopentose
32
Hemiacetal structure | hydroxy
c bonded to o and OH
33
acetal | hemi is 1 o
C bonded to two O
34
Br2 only reacts with | alkene
double bonds
35
Breaking an ester is called | not soap
saponification
36
6 membered hemiacetal with OH groups pointing down
anionic (-) d = pointing down L = pointing up
37
carbon 1 is the
anomeric carbon - bonded to two oxygen's
38
Disaccharide examples | ose
Lactose, sucrose
39
Poly saccharide | bond + unit
carbohydrate with large number of monosacharride unit + glycosidic bond
40
Starch is a polymer of
D-Glucose
41
mylopecitin is a branched | alpha-sugar, linkage
polymer of an a-D-glucose joined by a a-1,4 linkage
42
Alpha or beta linkage
determines an alpha or beta monosaccharide
43
Cellulose contains OH replaced with NH2 gives
NItrocellulose
44
Lipids are
naturally occurring organic compounds classified by common solubility properties
45
Solubility properties of lipids
insoluble in water, soluble in organic solbens
46
lipids and steroids share
common solubility not structure, steroids have ring system
47
triglyceride is a
triester of glycol, has 3 fatty acids
48
hydrophobic characteristic is caused by
long hydrocarbon chain
49
in triglycerides, all three hydroxyl groups of glyceride are | ester
esterfied with fatty acids
50
Fatty acids specifically in trglycerides are almost all | straight chain, even
unbranced carboxylic acids 10-20 carbons even number of carbon atoms
51
No other functional groups in fatty acids besides
COOH
52
Palmitic acid | number
6 and 10 carbonds (hexdecanoic acid)
53
Stearic acid
8 and 10 (octadecanoic acid)
54
Omega means
last carbon
55
Melting point of fatty acids
increase as carbons increase
56
Unsaturated Triglycerides are what at room temp
Liquid (oils )
57
Saturated Triglycerides are what at room temp
Solids (butter )
58
Hydrogenation of Triglycerides are | the same as transition to alkane
The same as Alkanes (breaks double bond, adds H)
59
Saponification of fats
produces glycerol and a mixture of fatty acd salts
60
group 1 salts are
soluble in water
61
group 2 salts are
insoluble in water (soaps have polar heads non polar tails)
62
Calcium, magnesium, and Iron salts of sulfonic acids are... | solubility
soluble in water
63
nonionic detergents
do not ionize
64
cationic detergents
positive charge (quaternary ammonium sals
65
anionic detergent
negative charge ( carboxylates)
66
Steroids are | human and non human
group of plant and animal lipids that contain tetracyclic ring structure
67
Most abundant and important steroid in the human body
cholesterol
68
Proteins structure
Collagen and Keratin (hair skin and nails)
69
Protein movement
muscles made up of proteins
70
Protein transport
hemoglobin
71
Protein storage
ferritin stores iron in the liver
72
Fibrous proteins are (properties)
insoluble used for structure
73
Globular Proteins
soluble (enzymes and hormones)
74
contains amino group and carboxyl group
Amino acid
75
alpha amino acids are amino groups ... | position
adjacent to the carboxyl group
76
Common written form of alpha amino acids
zwitterion form
77
all amino acids (not glycine) have at least one
stereocenter and are chiral
78
if an amino acid is dissolved water
it is present as its zwitterion
79
in acid zwitterion turns positive and gains a proton to
COO
80
Bases bring the pH to 14 an take a proton from
NH3
81
Proteins are long chain
amino acids
82
the bond between amino acid and carboxyl group
peptide bond
83
Primary structure
amino acids in polypeptide chain
84
Secondary structure
shape adopted by protein molecule from H bonding in polypeptide
85
tert structure
interactions between side groups, stabilizes through covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, hydrophobic (polar side chains) metal ion coordination
86
Hemoglobins have two alpha chains of
141 amino acids each
87
two beta chains have
146 amino acids each
88
hydrolysis of peptides breaks at
amide bond with water
89
HCL breaks all linkages and turns asn,gln and trp into ...
asp, glu, destroyed
90
Enzymes are selective and..
do not break every linkage
91
Nucleic acids are hereditary
chromosomes
92
RNA and DNA are polymers built from
nucleotides
93
nucleotides are built from
base, monosaccharide and phosphate
94
purines
A,G
95
pyrimidines
C,T,U
96
RNA-
beta-d-Ribose
97
DNA-
beta-2-Deoxy-D-Ribose
98
Nucleotides are built from nucleoside and | phosphorus
phosphoric acid esterfied with OH group
99
DNA held together by
H bonding between pairs AT GC
100
How many H bonds are in AT and GC
two in AT three in GC only one possible for opposite paring