Week 9/10 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Carbohydrates derive from

OH + carbonyl group hydrocarbons

Hydroxyaldehydes and hydroxyketones

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Monosaccharide

carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolozide
cannot be turned into a simpler carbon

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Prefixes and ending of carbohydrates

tri (simplest) penta, hexa

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carbohydrates containing a ketone or aldehyde are called

aldose or ketose

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isomer

same molecular formula

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Stereo isomers

same or different connectivity

same connectivity

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Constitutional Isomers

similar to stereo isomers “bluetooth”

different connectivity

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Chiral carbon

all four bonds of the carbon atom is bonded to another atom

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Achiral isomers with and without stereocenters are

Without stereo centers - cis-/trans
with - chiral/enanitiomers

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enantiomers

non superimposible mirror images
cannot be aligned (like left and right hand)

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Non superimposable compounds have a

chiral carbon (stereocenters)

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optically active

light question

each enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light

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Chemical and physical properties of enantiomers are identical except

in their interactions with chiral substances + plane polarized like

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polarimeter

measures ability of a compound to rotate the plane of polarized light

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Dextrotatory

Clockwise (heaviest compound on the right

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Levorotatory

Counter clock wise (heaviest compound on the left)

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n is the maximum number of

asymetric carbon atoms “2^n)

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Distereomers

superimpose

stereoisomers that are mirror images

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FIscher Projection

Line depiction of the position of a compounds bonding and ions

Horizontal line projection forward from the stereocenters, vertical to the rear

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How many enantiomers are there with 4 stereocenters

2^4

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Aldehydes and Ketones react with alcohols to form

think half acetone

Hemiacetals

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most common d-aldos are

d-aldtetrose, pentose, erythrose, threose, ribose, 2-deoxy-ribose

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most common d- aldohexose are
(g starters)

d-glucose
d-galactose
d-glucsamine

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when hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups are on the same molecule, cyclic _ form readily

cyclic hemiacetals form readily

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alpha points beta points

up down

Six membered hemiaceta ring | carbohydrate ending /\

pyranose

5 membered tetriacetal ring | furry carbohyrate

furanose

deoxy means no

oxygen

most common 5 membered cyclic hemiacetal | genes

ribose deoxyribose d-fructose

7 carbon aldehyde

aldoheptose

5 carbon ketone

ketopentose

Hemiacetal structure | hydroxy

c bonded to o and OH

acetal | hemi is 1 o

C bonded to two O

Br2 only reacts with | alkene

double bonds

Breaking an ester is called | not soap

saponification

6 membered hemiacetal with OH groups pointing down

anionic (-) d = pointing down L = pointing up

carbon 1 is the

anomeric carbon - bonded to two oxygen's

Disaccharide examples | ose

Lactose, sucrose

Poly saccharide | bond + unit

carbohydrate with large number of monosacharride unit + glycosidic bond

Starch is a polymer of

D-Glucose

mylopecitin is a branched | alpha-sugar, linkage

polymer of an a-D-glucose joined by a a-1,4 linkage

Alpha or beta linkage

determines an alpha or beta monosaccharide

Cellulose contains OH replaced with NH2 gives

NItrocellulose

Lipids are

naturally occurring organic compounds classified by common solubility properties

Solubility properties of lipids

insoluble in water, soluble in organic solbens

lipids and steroids share

common solubility not structure, steroids have ring system

triglyceride is a

triester of glycol, has 3 fatty acids

hydrophobic characteristic is caused by

long hydrocarbon chain

in triglycerides, all three hydroxyl groups of glyceride are | ester

esterfied with fatty acids

Fatty acids specifically in trglycerides are almost all | straight chain, even

unbranced carboxylic acids 10-20 carbons even number of carbon atoms

No other functional groups in fatty acids besides

COOH

Palmitic acid | number

6 and 10 carbonds (hexdecanoic acid)

Stearic acid

8 and 10 (octadecanoic acid)

Omega means

last carbon

Melting point of fatty acids

increase as carbons increase

Unsaturated Triglycerides are what at room temp

Liquid (oils )

Saturated Triglycerides are what at room temp

Solids (butter )

Hydrogenation of Triglycerides are | the same as transition to alkane

The same as Alkanes (breaks double bond, adds H)

Saponification of fats

produces glycerol and a mixture of fatty acd salts

group 1 salts are

soluble in water

group 2 salts are

insoluble in water (soaps have polar heads non polar tails)

Calcium, magnesium, and Iron salts of sulfonic acids are... | solubility

soluble in water

nonionic detergents

do not ionize

cationic detergents

positive charge (quaternary ammonium sals

anionic detergent

negative charge ( carboxylates)

Steroids are | human and non human

group of plant and animal lipids that contain tetracyclic ring structure

Most abundant and important steroid in the human body

cholesterol

Proteins structure

Collagen and Keratin (hair skin and nails)

Protein movement

muscles made up of proteins

Protein transport

hemoglobin

Protein storage

ferritin stores iron in the liver

Fibrous proteins are (properties)

insoluble used for structure

Globular Proteins

soluble (enzymes and hormones)

contains amino group and carboxyl group

Amino acid

alpha amino acids are amino groups ... | position

adjacent to the carboxyl group

Common written form of alpha amino acids

zwitterion form

all amino acids (not glycine) have at least one

stereocenter and are chiral

if an amino acid is dissolved water

it is present as its zwitterion

in acid zwitterion turns positive and gains a proton to

COO

Bases bring the pH to 14 an take a proton from

NH3

Proteins are long chain

amino acids

the bond between amino acid and carboxyl group

peptide bond

Primary structure

amino acids in polypeptide chain

Secondary structure

shape adopted by protein molecule from H bonding in polypeptide

tert structure

interactions between side groups, stabilizes through covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, hydrophobic (polar side chains) metal ion coordination

Hemoglobins have two alpha chains of

141 amino acids each

two beta chains have

146 amino acids each

hydrolysis of peptides breaks at

amide bond with water

HCL breaks all linkages and turns asn,gln and trp into ...

asp, glu, destroyed

Enzymes are selective and..

do not break every linkage

Nucleic acids are hereditary

chromosomes

RNA and DNA are polymers built from

nucleotides

nucleotides are built from

base, monosaccharide and phosphate

purines

A,G

pyrimidines

C,T,U

RNA-

beta-d-Ribose

DNA-

beta-2-Deoxy-D-Ribose

Nucleotides are built from nucleoside and | phosphorus

phosphoric acid esterfied with OH group

DNA held together by

H bonding between pairs AT GC

How many H bonds are in AT and GC

two in AT three in GC only one possible for opposite paring

Week 9/10 Flashcards

(100 cards)