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PSY3105-Psych of Adolescence > Week 9: Gender Development > Flashcards

Week 9: Gender Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex?

A

assigned sex at birth

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2
Q

What is gender?

A

characteristics that may be the result of developmental and social experiences

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3
Q

What are sex differences?

A

a difference between assigned males and females that is based on chromosomes (ex: woman have a uterus, males dont)

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4
Q

What are gender differences?

A

a difference between genders that is thought to be based on mainly cultural and social factors (boys play with trucks and girls play with barbies is an example)

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5
Q

What is a gender role?

A

a set of shared cultural expectations that outlines the attitudes and behaviours an individual should display

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6
Q

Is gender a basic category that helps adolescents understand themselves and others?

A

YES

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7
Q

What is gender typing?

A

When children come to take on their gender roles that are EXPECTED in their society

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8
Q

From the moment of conception, males and females are different genetically. Why and provide an example.

A
  • HORMONES!!! –> organize the structure and functions of body

ex: high levels of prenatal testosterone in the 8th week = male seeming genitals
low levels of testosterone “”” = female seeming genitals

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9
Q

Can levels of testosterone differ from sex prenatall?

A

yes

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10
Q

If a female fetus is exposed to high levels of testosterone prenatally, will she be more likely to play with masculine toys or feminine toys?

A

masculine toys

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11
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

exposure of high levels of androgens that “masculinize” parts of the brain
- lead to identifying with typical male roles

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12
Q

Does socialization play a role in gender development? If so how?

A

YES!
- parents/teachers/siblings/peers serve as MODELS of gender-linked attitudes and behaviours

  • praise that is direct or indirect for gender-appropriate/inappropriate behaviours
  • media
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13
Q

Does socialization of gender roles begin before birth? If so, how?

A

YES!
- decor, clothing, toys
ex: girls wear pink/boys wear blue, girls play with dolls/boys play with trucks

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14
Q

What is one social theory that explains gender development?

A
  • Banduras social Cognitive theory
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15
Q

What is Banduras social cognitive theory in relation to gender development?

A

personal factors that interact with learned behaviours and social influences to produce tendencies to act certain ways

OBSERVATION LEADS TO LEARNING!!!***

we create our own personal set of gender role standards that override what we see from others
ex: not rolling in mud just because she was told it’s “unlady like” is not going to stop her

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16
Q

What 2 cognitive theories is in relation to Gender Development?

A

Kohlberg and Gender Identity

Gender Schema Theory (by Martin and Halvorsen)

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17
Q

What is Kohlberg and Gender identity theory in 3 stages?

A
  1. Basic gender identity (label boy or girl)
  2. gender stability (stable over time )
  3. gender consistency (stable across situations)
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18
Q

What is Gender identity in Kohlbergs theory?

A

Child has an understanding of boy and girl labelling

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19
Q

What is Gender stability in Kohlbergs theory?

A

Child has an understanding of boy and girl and aware that it is FIXED/ doesn’t change and will remain male/female when older

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20
Q

What is Gender consistency in Kohlberg’s theory?

A

stable across situations
when the child understands that cosmetic changes will not alter sex
For example, a girl wearing jeans is still female

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21
Q

What is the Gender Schema Cognitive Theory in relation to gender development?

A

puts a stress on the ways children, adolescents and adults gather info about gender

motivates the child to learn about sexes and incorporate this information into “gender schemas”

22
Q

Look at slide 15 for integrative approaches

A
23
Q

What is the gender intensification hypothesis?

A

events during adolescence that make their own contributions to gender development

early adolescence brings far-reaching changes (physcially/socially) and pressures (internal or external) that shape them to conform to cullturally sanctioned gender roles

24
Q

What is transgender?

A

a person who gender identity differs from the sex the person was indentified as having at birth

man at birth –> women identity

25
Q

What is a transition in gender development terms?

A

when a person who is transgender transitions from their assigned sex to their self-identified gender

through:
- dress
-medications
- hormone therapy
- surgery

26
Q

Is there lower expectancies of girls in technical fields?

A

Yes

27
Q

What process is it called when a girl tends to see their accomplishments in math and science as having less personal value and importance?

A

learned helplessness

28
Q

What is a stereotype threat and give an example?

A

factor that may interfere with the performance of those who belong to groups that are the target of negative stereotypes by arousing anxiety that they will fail —> therefore confirming to stereotype

ex: : Asked to indicate their gender at the beginning of a math test, female college students do more poorly than females who are not asked to indicate their gender

29
Q

Are girls or boys more effected by personal relationships?

A

Girls

30
Q

What is “false self”?

A

pretenses to protect relationships by hiding one’s thoughts, feelings, and needs

31
Q

What is Gilligan’s loss of voice?

A

When girls lose voice in adolescence
- believe girls’ sensitivity to others not valued

32
Q

Does self esteem rise or decline in adolescents?

A

Declines

33
Q

Is there higher rates of depression, lower self esteem, and suicide attempts in 2SLGBTQIA+ community?

A

YES

34
Q

2SLGBTQIA+ are being bullied, harassed, and victimized in schools at disproportionate rates when compared to their heterosexual and cisgender people. True or false?

A

True

35
Q

Black, indigenous 2SLGBTQIA+ students might suffer greater victimization than their white peers. True or False?

A

True

36
Q

What are 4 factors that impact resilience in the 2SLGBTQIA+ community?

A
  • caring and loving relationships –> offer SUPPORT
  • building a positive identity around gender orientation (ACCEPTANCE)
  • community involvement
  • non-judgement zone
37
Q

Do women or men be more emotional?

A

women

38
Q

Are women or men more likely to express anger?

A

men

39
Q

are women or men more likely to be depressed in adolescence?

A

either! –> into adulthood however, twice as likely for women:(

40
Q

Why are women more likely to be more depressed into adulthood?

A
  • girls tend to worry about their problems while boys tend to distract themselves from negative feelings
  • greater importance in romantic relationships
41
Q

Are boys more physically aggressive on average?

A

YES

42
Q

Does the aggression decline over adolescence?

A

YES

43
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

harming another’s social relationships –> talking shit about others to harm their relationships

44
Q

Do women use more physical or relational aggression?

A

Relational aggression

45
Q

What are girls personal relationships like?

A

relationship goals friendship

support

involvement

more conversation

more self disclosure

lots of “co-rumination” –> dwelling on probs with da girls

46
Q

What are boys personal relationships like?

A
  • larger
  • less intimate –> could be linked to homophobia
  • topics are different than girls
47
Q

Do gender roles differ across cultures? what is traditional vs modern?

A

YES
traditional = men dominate
modern = equal opportunities

48
Q

What can we do to be mindful of gender and 2SLGBTQIA+ community? (x5)

A
  1. use gender inclusive language
  2. proper pronouns
  3. be critical of programs and policies
  4. challenge stereotypes and discrimination
  5. make the commitment to change
49
Q

look at guest lecture to study

A
50
Q
A

PSY3105-Psych of Adolescence (9 decks)

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