Week 9: Reproductive

Question 1

Sexual maturation, or puberty, should begin in girls between

ages

Answer 1

8 and 13 years

Question 2

female reproductive system can be altered by

Answer 2

hormonal
imbalances, infectious microorganisms, inflammation,
structural abnormalities, and benign or malignant proliferative
conditions.

Question 3

menstrual disorders usually involve disruption of the

Answer 3

HPG axis

Question 4

vaginitis cause

Answer 4

microorganisms, irritants, disruptions in vaginal pH

Question 5

vaginitis s&s

Answer 5

vaginal irritation, itching, burning, odor, or

abnormal discharge

Question 6

primary forms of vaginitis

Answer 6

vulvovaginal

candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomoniasis

Question 7

vulvovestibulitis

Answer 7

inflammation of the skin of the vulva

Question 8

vulvovestibulitis cause

Answer 8

chemical and mechanical irritants, allergens,
skin disorders, nerve problems, or vaginal infections, such as
candidiasis.

Question 9

bartholinitis

Answer 9

inflammation of
the ducts that lead from the Bartholin glands to the surface of
the vulva

Question 10

pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 10

acute ascending
polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract and is often
caused by sexually transmitted pathogens that are allowed to
ascend because of disruptions in the normal vaginal flora

Question 11

Benign ovarian cysts develop from

Answer 11

mature ovarian follicles
that do not release their ova (follicular cysts) or from a corpus
luteum that persists abnormally instead of degenerating
(corpus luteum cyst).

Question 12

leiomyomas

Answer 12

tumors arising

from the muscle layer of the uterus, the myometrium

Question 13

leiomyoma prevalence

Answer 13

increases in women between ages 30 and 50; most myomas remain small and asymptomatic

Question 14

endometriousis

Answer 14

presence of functional endometrial tissue
(i.e., tissue that responds to hormonal stimulation) at sites
outside the uterus

Question 15

endometriosis causes an

Answer 15

inflammatory
reaction at the site of implantation and is a cause of pain and
infertility.

Question 16

cervical cancer arises from

Answer 16

cervical epithelium

Question 17

neoplastic alterations of cervical cancer

Answer 17

(1) cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia (cervical dysplasia), (2) cervical
carcinoma in situ, and (3) invasive cervical carcinoma.

Question 18

risk factors for vaginal cancer

Answer 18

in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, prior or cuncurrent cervical cancer

Question 19

risk factors for ovarian cancer

Answer 19

increased number of
total lifetime ovulations including early menarche, late
menopause, nulliparity, use of fertility drugs. BRCA1, BRCA2,
and HNPCC gene abnormalities also are linked with ovarian
cancer.

Question 20

risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 20

reproductive, such as nulliparity and
pregnancy-associated breast cancer; familial, such as inherited
gene syndromes; and environmental and lifestyle, such as
hormonal factors and radiation exposure.

Question 21

most breast cancers are

Answer 21

adenocarcinomas

Question 22

most breast cancers first arise from

Answer 22

ductal/lobular epithelium as carcinoma in situ

Question 23

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the

Answer 23

generation of tissues and organs during embryogenesis, is
essential for driving tissue plasticity during development, and
is hijacked during cancer progression

Question 24

manifestations of breast cancer

Answer 24

include small painless lump in breast, palpable lymph nodes in the axilla, dimpling of the
skin, nipple and skin retraction, nipple discharge, ulcerations,
reddened skin, and bone pain associated with bony
metastases.

Question 25

Sexual maturation, or puberty, should begin in boys between

Answer 25

9-14

Question 26

epididymitis

Answer 26

inflammation of the epididymis, is usually caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen that ascends through the vasa deferentia from an already infected urethra or bladder.

Question 27

testicular torsion

Answer 27

rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels in the spermatic cord. This interrupts blood supply to the testis, resulting in edema and, if not corrected within 4 to 6 hours, necrosis and atrophy of testicular tissues.

Question 28

Benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH

Answer 28

enlargement of the prostate gland. This condition becomes symptomatic as the enlarging prostate compresses the urethra, causing symptoms of bladder outlet syndrome and urine retention.

Question 29

Studies demonstrate that the activation of a chronic, inflammatory prostatic response plays an important role in the

Answer 29

pathogenesis | and progression of BPH and prostate cancer.

Question 30

prostatitis

Answer 30

inflammation of the prostate

Question 31

prostate cancer causes

Answer 31

genetic predisposition, environmental and dietary factors, inflammation, and alterations in levels of hormones (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol) and growth factors.

Question 32

most cancers of the prostate

Answer 32

adenocarcinomas that develop at the periphery of the gland

Question 33

gonorrhea complications

Answer 33

PID, sterility, and disseminated infection

Question 34

gonorrhea can be passed from

Answer 34

the mother to the fetus and typically manifests as eye infection 1-12 days after birth

Question 35

ghonorrhea is rapidly becoming

Answer 35

resistant ABXs

Question 36

chlamydia

Answer 36

most common bacterial STI and a leading cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy

Question 37

causative organism of chlamydia

Answer 37

C. trachomatis

Question 38

drug of choice for chlamydia

Answer 38

single dose azithromycin

Question 39

genital herpes cause

Answer 39

HSV1 or HSV2

Question 40

genital herpes lesions initially appear

Answer 40

as groups of vesicles that progress to ulceration with pain, lymphadenopathy, and fever

Question 41

recurrent herpes indections are most attributal to

Answer 41

HSV-2

Question 42

herpes simplex virus

Answer 42

lifelong and can result in an initial outbreak and subsequent outbreaks

Question 43

HPV

Answer 43

associated with the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer as well as condylomata acuminata

Question 44

high risk strains of HPV that are precursers to development of cervical cancer do not cause

Answer 44

genital warts

Question 45

factors affecting male fertility

Answer 45

diminished quantity/production of sperm diminished quality of sperm anatomical anomalies

Question 46

factors affecting female fertility

Answer 46

malfunctions of fallopian tubes, ovaries or reproductive hormones adhesions from pelvic infection disruptions of ovulation or implantation endometriosis

Question 47

male fertility testing

Answer 47

look at amount, structure, and motility of sperm and obstruction of reproductive tract

Question 48

female fertility testing

Answer 48

look for patency of reproductive tract, normal ovulation, normal endometrial response to hormones and lack of tumors or infections

Question 49

acute bacterial prostatitis cm

Answer 49

malaise, low back and perineal pain, high fever, chills, dysuria, inability to empty bladder nocturia

Question 50

nonbacterial prostatitis CM

Answer 50

May complain of continuous or spasmodic pain or dull ache - prostate gland feels normal on palpation

Question 51

chronic prostatis cm

Answer 51

complaint of pain or a dull ache that is continuous or spasmodic in the suprapubic, infrapubic, scrotal, penile, or inguinal area