Week four material Flashcards
(26 cards)
Proteins
Among the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules.
Enzymes
Catalysts in biochemical reactions (like digestion) that are produced by living cells and are usually complex or conjugated proteins.
Hormones
Chemical-signaling molecules, usually small proteins or steroids, secreted by endocrine cells that control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Denaturation
Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape of the protein, leading to loss of function.
Amino acids
The monomers that make up proteins.
Essential amino acids
An amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet.
Peptide bond
Each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond, which is formed by a dehydration reaction.
Primary structure
The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Sickle cell anemia
A severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.
Enzymes
Special molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions.
A catalyst is a substance that helps a chemical reaction occur.
Catalysts
They take part in chemical reactions without being changed themselves
Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy that is needed to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation
Substrates
The chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds.
Active site
The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Denature
A process that changes the natural properties of a substance.
Induced fit
A model that expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate.
What are catabolic enzymes?
Enzymes that break down their susbtrates.
What are anabolic enzymes?
Enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrates.
What are catalytic enzymes?
Enzymes that affect the rate of reaction.
What are digestive enzymes?
They help in digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units.
examples of digestive enzymes are Amylase, Lipase, pepsin, and trypsin.
What are transport proteins?
They carry substances in the blood or lymph through the body.
examples of these are hemoglobin, and albumin.
What are structural proteins?
They construct different structures, like to cytoskeleton. Examples of these are Actin, Tubulin, and keratin.
What are hormones?
They coordinate the activity of different body systems. Examples are Insulin, and thyroxine.
What are defense proteins?
They protect the body from foreign pathogens. examples are Immunoglobulins.
