pharmacology is the scientific study of
drugs and medication
pharmacology is the study of who
humans and animals
what is the connection of nursing to pharmacology
administration of medication of drug therapy to treat, heal, cure patient
what are the 3 main learning goals of pharmacology
know medication
know what the medication does
know what to expect of medication
what is the definition of drug
any chemical that can affect the living process
what is the definition of clinical pharmacology
study of drugs in humans
what kind of people are being looked at for clinical pharm
patients and healthy volunteers
what is our main concern in pharm
pharmaco therapeutics
how does pharmacy therapeutics help the patien
helps determine what does is needed
what are the 3 most important properties of an ideal drug
effective
safe
selctivity
all drugs have ability to cause _____ and how we control that is asking are we giving it for the _____ reasons
harm, right
what is selectivity
drug to target what needs to be treated not something else
what are the 7 additional ideal drug considerations
is it.... reversible predictable easy to administer chemically stable low risk for interactions cost is low simple name-generic trade
what is a major factor in patient compliance
is it easy to administer to patient
what is the therapeutic objective
maximum benefit with minimum harm
what are the 4 factors affecting drug responses
administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,
individual variations
what is pharmacokinetics
how the body processes the drug
what is pharmacodynamics
how the drug affects the body
how does drug movement through the body go (pharmacokinetics)
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
why should a nurse learn about pharm
learn how it effects the body, is the medication appropriate for patient
who is the patients advocate
nurse
what should a nurse know about a medication when giving it to a patient
is there a probability of an interaction based on what other medication the patient is taking
nurse is responsible for…
detecting any mistakes
what kind of mistakes is the nurse responsible for
was med ordered correctly; is the medication the right one for the patient
who is patients last defense
nurse
what does last line of defense mean as a nurse
nurses are the ones administering the meds to the patient
what are nurses legally and ethically responsible for
that we never give medication that we KNOW will cause harm to patient
what is the application of pharmacology in patient care: Pre-Administration Assesment
collecting baseline data and identifying high-risk patients
what is collected in baseline date
- medical history
- objective and subjective data
- blood work
- height and weight
why do you need to collect baseline data
to get to know the patient before administering meds
what is subjective data
what the patient tells you
what is objective data
what you observe of the patient
which makes more of a difference, weight or hight
weight
who are our high risk patients
patients with compromised immune systems, pregnant women, the very old and very young, drug allergies, and people with organ dysfunctions
what is likely when a patient takes a drug for the first time
adverse reaction
what does having a chronic illness fall into
high risk category
what is the application for pharmacology in Patient Education
- dosage and administering
- evaluating, adversities, management
what should the nurse educate the patient on under dosage and administering
- the 8 rights
- optional routes
- how to use and store drug
what are the 8 rights
right name, medication, dose, amount, route, date, time, and reason
what are the optional routes of a drug
oral, rectal, IV
if given a PRN script there has to be an actually _______ for patient to take it
reason
what is the nurse evaluating for
to see if the right medication was given for the right reason
what should the nurse be thinking about when giving the medication
looking for signs and symptoms
how is it easy to create a toxic level in patients body
patient compliance with drug could cause this by taking to many of the prescribed dose for example
who is frequently the educator
nurse
what happens when taking food with a medication that says do not take with food
it will lessen the drug intensity
all medications will cause some sort of
side effect
adverse effect is ____ what we want
not
what kind of approach is the nursing process
systematic approach
what is the systematic approach
knowing our patients and making sure it is safe for give to our patients
what does the systematic approach guide in the nursing decisions
- medication administration
- patient safety
- medical and legal standards
what are 5 points when applying the nursing process in drug therapy
- assessment and analysis
- planning
- implementation
- evaluation
- documentation
what is the assessment and analysis
nursing diagnosis
what is implementation
what did you actually carry out
wha tis evaluation
did the end result come out how you wanted it to
why is documentation important
it protects you as the nurse and it will also help the patient receive the right medication needed
what is the controlled substance act, 1970 known for
this set rules for what can be manufactured and distributed with scheduled or controlled medications
there are 5 levels regarding drugs what are they
level one= not approved for use in the U.S.
level 2-5 have to have a certain rx script in order to give out medication
what are the 2022, 2003 children and pediatric laws set for
monitoring what medications are approved for children to take (such as tylenol for children)
what is the 2007 FDA amendments act know for
once a drug hits the market its supposedly safe? well this law still maintains the right (FDA) to go back at any point and determine if the medication is still safe or not
where did drugs originally come from
plants, animals, and things growing on rocks
where do drugs come from now
synthetic chemicals
why did drugs evolve
for safety and regulations
what are chemical drugs free from
impurities
what are the 3 randomized control trials
- control use
- randomization
- blinding
what is control use
comparing new med to an existing one or placebo to see if new med is better or worse for same disorder
what is randomization
subjects are assigned to a control group or experimental group
what is blinding
subject does not know what group they are in
what does double blind mean
this is when the patients and researchers don’t know what group they are in (there is no bias example grey anatomy when meredith and derek had the trial)
what are the stages of new drug development
- preclinical testing
- clinical testing
who is preclinical testing done one
animals to determine toxicity and therapeutic dose
in clinical testing there are how many phases
I-IV (1-4)
who is phase one of clinical testing used on
healthy volunteers
what happens when the side effects in phase one are severe
they will go head and do it on patients with that specific disease
what is phase two and three of clinical testing supposed to test
patients safeness, dose range, and if its therapeutic
what is phase 4 of clinical testing supposed to do
make sure the drug is still safe (2007 FDA act)
what are the limitations for new drug development
there is a difference between male and female
also child bearing women and small children are not tested on
what are the 3 drug names
chemical, generic, trade
T or F there are some medications that fit in multiple therapeutic classes
true
how are meds classified
- therapeutic
- chemical
- generation
- marketing