Week Three

Question 1

defined by WHO as any noxious or unintended, undesired affect that occurs at a normal drug dose

Answer 1

adverse drug reactions (ADR)

Question 2

what are the exclusions of ADR

Answer 2

excludes occurrences of accidental poisoning

Question 3

what are the ranges for ADR

Answer 3

mild to severe

Question 4

what range are these symptoms in: itching, nausea, rash, bumps, drowsiness, head and stomach aches

Answer 4

mild

Question 5

what range are these symptoms in anaphylactic shock, cardiac, dysrhythmias, hemmorhage

Answer 5

life threatening

Question 6

what can increase the risk of ADR

Answer 6

when we mix drugs together

Question 7

what is the main reason for an adverse drug reaction

Answer 7

too much or too little of a drug given

Question 8

what can minimize ADR

Answer 8

when nurse and doctors know patient history, what they are taking, what they are allergic to, labs making sure meds are administered correctly, and individualizing med therapy to that particular person

Question 9

mild and often predictable and unavoidable even at therapeutic level

Answer 9

side-effect

Question 10

ADA of excessive dosing

Answer 10

toxicity

Question 11

immune response

Answer 11

allergic reaction

Question 12

response from genetic predisposing (protective genes in person of meds exposed are abnormal)

Answer 12

idiosyncratic effect

Question 13

disease or signs and symptoms produced by a drug reaction (drug induced)

Answer 13

iatrogenic disease

Question 14

what adverse drug reaction is this example: anti psychotic medication mimics parkinsons disease

Answer 14

iatrogenic disease

Question 15

physically dependent on medication (if discontinued is when ADA can happen badly)

Answer 15

physical dependency

Question 16

used to treat cancers/ cause cancer to be worse or cause another type of cancer to develop

Answer 16

carcinogenic effect

Question 17

when looking to evaluate drugs it may take decades of trial and error to find out which of these drugs cause ______

Answer 17

cancer

Question 18

drug induced birth defects

Answer 18

teratogenic effect

Question 19

what do we have to get close to when treating difficult infections or cancers

Answer 19

have to get close to toxic levels

Question 20

to have an allergic reaction you have to

Answer 20

be prior synthesized

Question 21

what are the common organs injured when taking meds/drugs

Answer 21

kidney, liver, lungs and SOMETIMES ears

Question 22

what organs are most susceptible to injury

Answer 22

liver and kidneys

Question 23

what is the most common organ to damage

Answer 23

liver because it is primary sight of metabolism

Question 24

combining tylenol and alcohol magnifies what

Answer 24

greater chance for liver damage

Question 25

what medication is very ototoxic (toxic to the hearing)

Answer 25

vancomycin

Question 26

drugs affecting the heart prolong what interval

Answer 26

QT interval

Question 27

what is the QT interval

Answer 27

measure of time required for ventricles to depolarize after contraction

Question 28

if heart problem is present and combines with QT interval drug it becomes

Answer 28

fatal

Question 29

why is it so hard to determine adverse drug reactions

Answer 29

don't know what is causing it

Question 30

how many medications does your general pop of people take

Answer 30

6,7,8 or more

Question 31

people take them all at the same time in the home setting and makes it difficult to figure out which medication is causing

Answer 31

ADR

Question 32

what factors should be considered when identifying ADR

Answer 32

what is being eaten with medication | and if a medication was stopped and started again

Question 33

is it better to switch to a "new and improved" medication

Answer 33

no because if the "older" medication is working why change it

Question 34

strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market

Answer 34

black box warning

Question 35

what is the reason why drug companies put black box warnings out there

Answer 35

concise summary of the adverse effects of concern

Question 36

the black box warning is req by who if considered especially dangerous

Answer 36

FDA

Question 37

what does the black box warn

Answer 37

potential serous, severe side effects and ways to avoid or reduce harm

Question 38

what are the 4 individual variation in drug responses

Answer 38

body weight and composition, age, abnormal pathophysiology, and tolerance

Question 39

who has immature organs

Answer 39

infant and baby

Question 40

who's organs start to age and slow down

Answer 40

older people

Question 41

abnormal pathophysiology would be

Answer 41

multiple meds being taken, increase probability of kidney and liver disease

Question 42

decreased response after repetitive doing (what use to work at one dose now req a high dose)

Answer 42

tolerance

Question 43

MEC starts to decline as we age and why

Answer 43

not getting an effective dose

Question 44

do genetic testing and prescribing drugs based on genetic test

Answer 44

genetics

Question 45

who metabolize drugs a lot faster and are at a higher risk

Answer 45

women

Question 46

who is at a greater risk for QT syndrome

Answer 46

women

Question 47

two or more medical diseases drugs will interact and infect multiple organs

Answer 47

co-morbidities

Question 48

what are the 4 pharmakinetic changes in geriatric patients

Answer 48

increased risk for severity of illness multiple patholigies greatly sensitized or desensitized of medications increase in drug reactions because of multiple medications being taken

Question 49

what is the objective

Answer 49

decrease signs and symptoms to improve quality of life

Question 50

what are the distribution changes in geriatric patients

Answer 50

increase in % of body fat located in belly, decrease in lean mass, decrease in total body water (dehydration), increase concentration of serum albumin (malnourished from not eating)

Question 51

what are the metabolism changes in geriatric patients

Answer 51

decreased blood flow, half life of meds increase (become toxic), excretion (kidneys start to decline in early adult hood)

Question 52

labs when seeing how kidneys are functioning

Answer 52

creatmin clearance

Question 53

why do geriatric patients not adhere to taking medication

Answer 53

cost, side effects, think they don't need medication and alter dose, vision, hearing, dexterity, and culture

Question 54

what are methods the nurse can reduce risks of ADR

Answer 54

teach and reteach, simplified written instructions with big font, clearly label easy open containers, education, helping dispose of old medication