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Week2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Allelic exclusion

A

Ab expresses light chain either encoded by either k (chrom 2) or lambda (chrom 22)
Not both!

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2
Q

IgM

A 
10% of blood Ig 
Pentamer 
2 light, 2 mu, linked by J
5 binding sites 
Monomeric form is BCR 
Activated classical cascade 
Functions at very low titers 
1st secreted Ab in primary immune response
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3
Q

IgG

A 
75% of blood Ig
Major Ab in interstitial fluid 
2 light 2 gamma 
4 subclasses (y1,2,3,4)
Secondary immune response 
Acticates classical complement at higher [ ]
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4
Q

IgA

A 
Seromucous secretions: immunity at mucosal surfaces 
15-20% of Ig blood 
sIgA highest Ig level
Heavy chain: IgA1/IgA2 + J chain 
Dimer 
Secretory component
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5
Q

IgD

A

Monomer
Membrane-bound BCR on naïve B cells
Unknown function

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6
Q

Epitope

A

LC + HC + 3D epitope

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7
Q

Ab-Ag binding

A 
Non-covalent: 
Electrostatic forces
Hydrogen bonds 
Van der Waals 
Hydrophobic forces
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8
Q

Affinity

A

Single Ag-Ab bond strength

Low affinity Ab bind Ag weakly & dissociate while high affinity Ab bind tightly

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8
Q

Avidity

A

Multivalent Ab-multivalent Ag bonding strength
Greater than the sum of individual affinities
Total interaction strength btwn Ab-Ag

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9
Q

Chronic inflammation cells

A

Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma Cells

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10
Q

Margination

A

Leukocytes are found near the vascular endothelium of capillaries

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11
Q

Fermentation

A

Homolactic acid- lactobacilli/strep, muscle
Mixed acid- enteric bacteria (products differentiate)
Deoxidise NADH to NAD
Low pH
Clostridium : gas gangrene
Shigella: gas negative

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12
Q

Respiration

A

E- transport & ox phos

Pyruvate used for ATP production

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13
Q

Insertion sequences

A

DNA can replicate by non homologous recombination
Transposase
Inactivate genes they insert into

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14
Q

Transposons

A

IS segments flanking structural gene

Encodes antibiotic resistance

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15
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Varying surface molecules

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16
Q

Phase variation

A

On or Off switch

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17
Q

Conjugative plasmids

A

Tra+
Transfer enzymes & sex pilli
RTF + R determinants = R plasmids

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18
Q

High Fiber diet

A

Protection against insulin resistance
Guy microbe fermentation —> SCFAs (butyrate, acetate, propionate)
SCFAs tell bone marrow to make myeloid cells
—> GLP-1 —> inc insulin/ inhibit glucagon
Helps glucose control
Inc access to complex carbs

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19
Q

High sat fat diet

A

Decrease insulin sensitivity
Postprandial lipidemia —> inc inflammation/LPS —> absorption
Chylomicrons bring it in

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20
Q

Meat, egg, dairy, fish diet

A

L-carnitine and choline
—> TMA/TMAO
Insulin resistance
GI cancer

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21
Q

Acetate

A

Activate PNS
Inc insulin, ghrelin, hyperphagia, obesity
Metabolic syndrome

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22
Q

ILCs

A

No Ag specific receptors
React to PAMPs/DAMPs
Cross talk w microbiome and adaptive immune system

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23
Q

Nutritive media

A

Grow lots of non fastidious organisms
No selective
Soy, nutrient, blood

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24
Differential media
Distinguish | Blood agar - hemolytic patterns
25
Selective media
``` Support growth of one, inhibit others Antimicrobials, dyes Mannitol salt Chocolate (inhibits G+) MacConkey (lactose) ```
26
Basophil activation
IgE cross linking activation Ectoparasites Basophil OC specific granules w myelin figures 1 Degranulation (histamine, heparin sulfate, ECF/NCF) 2 cytokines (IL4/13) 3 phospholipase membrane cleavage (arachadonic acid pathway)
27
Macrophages
Activated by IFNy APCs Secrete IL1, IL6, GMCSF, TGFa
28
Factors H & I
Present in serum, H binds C3b | Inactivated by Factor I
29
C5a / C3a
``` Anaphylatoxin Neutrophil attractor Activates vascular endothelium Chemoattractant Phagocyte activator (respiratory burst & inc C1 R) ```
30
Opsonization
CR1 binds C3b | CR3 binds iC3b
31
Early complement deficiency
``` C1, 2, 4 Recurrent bacteria infections Can’t opsonise (no C3b) SLE Immune complex disease ```
32
C3 deficiency
Extracellular bacterial infections | Immune complex disease
33
Late complement deficiency
C5, 6, 7, 8 Nisseria gonorrhea infections Meningitis G- bacteria esp susceptible to MAC
34
C1 INH Deficiency
``` Hereditary angiodema Excessive C4 activation —> C2 lining Have an Ab of acquired later in life Dec C4 Dysfunctional C1 esterase inhibitor ```
35
CH50 test
Lower CH50 means more serum needed for lysis Means at lease 1 dec complement component Normal levels = no change No lysis = congenital C1-C8 deficiency Dec lysis= systemic complement activation due to autoimmune issue/ partial deficiency
36
Low C4
Classical complement issue
37
Low C3
Classical or alternative complement issue
38
Dec CH50, C3, C4
Complement hypercatabolism Immune complex issues Dec synthesis
39
Inc CH50, C3, C4
Systemic inflammation Cancer, diabetes, MI Hyper metabolic state (hyperthyroidism, pregnancy)
40
Immunohistochemistry
Tissue on a slide Microscopy Localisation of Ag
41
Flow cytometry
Cells in suspension Quantities Can separate single sub populations
42
Western blot
Tissues on a gel Visual Reactivity
43
CD14
Binds LPS+LPS-BP complex | Then interacts w TLR4
44
IFNy
Type II IFN Made by T Cells & NK cells Activated macrophages Made early in infection, activate adaptive immunity
45
Bactericidal
Used in neutropenia, meningitis, endocarditis
46
Concentration dependent drugs
Peak:MIC ratio Infrequent high doses MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) - lowest [ ] at which visual bacterial growth is inhibited Metronidazole, aminoglycosides
47
Concentration-independent drugs
Time above MIC Constant levels are ideal Frequent small doses Beta lactams, vancomycin, tetracycline
48
SS (+) RNA virus
Can act as mRNA Polio, west Nile Viral RdRp uses + to make - and then more +
49
SS (-) RNA Virus
Influenza & measles Viral RdRp makes + mRNA —> translation Diff transcripts Makes mult templates Viral RdRp
50
dsRNA virus
Rep/rota Viral RdRp transcribes + ssRNa —> protein or parental ds DNA Genome segments make unique RNA Small viruses use cellular DNA polymerase Larger viruses encode their own
51
ssDNA virus
Parvo | Use host machinery (host DNA polymerase)
52
dsDNA virus
Use host machinery Introns/Exons Overlapping reading frames Circular, linear
53
IFNa/B
``` A: dendritic cells/macrophages B: fibroblasts Type I IFN Stimulated by viral nucleus acids Recognized by TLRs Effects: dec protein production, inc viral replication resistance, inc virus cell killing Inhibit life cycle steps, don’t kill directly Inc MHC I Activate NK Cells ```
54
NK Cells
``` Activating + inhibitory (binds MHC I) Rs : missing self CD16 binds to IgG Fc receptor (ADCC) Perforin, Granzyme Fas:FasL Secret me IFNy —> macrophages Innate lymphocyte ```
55
Parvovirus B-19
``` Fifth Disease Small DNA, naked 4-15yrs Late winter, spring Biphasic: flu—> then rash, arthralgia (non infectious) IgM/IgG No treatment ```
56
Rubella
``` ss+ RNA Buds One serotype Respiratory or vertical transmission (first 20wks) Prodromal flu —> viremia + Ag-Ab complexes in skin Winter/spring Rash IgM : congenital MMR (live attenuated) ```
57
Roseola (Herpes 6,7)
dsDNA large Saliva spread Fever, rash 1-2 days Tcell response Latent, reactivated w immunosuppression
58
Cross reactivity
Failure to Distinguish self from non self Molecules share similar epitopes Pathogens w molecular mimicry
59
Ab-Ag binding
Electrostatic H bonds Can der Waals Hydrophobic
60
Papain cleavage
2 Fab (Ag bonding) 1 Fc (effector) Cleaves at hinge Fc allows complement binding
61
Pepsin cleavage
Below hinge (Fab’)2 Has both Ag binding regions
62
Paratope
Ab region contacting epitope | HV & CDRs
63
VDJ recombinase
``` RAG1/2 Early B/T cell development TdT Daughter cells have same Ag specificity Random rearrangement ```
64
Somatic hypermutation
HV regions undergo high mutation rates + antigenic selection —> affinity maturation (occurs for B cells in germinal center) Won’t change Ab specificity Clonally selects those w higher affinity
65
Pro B cells
First committed to B lineage | HC rearrangement
66
Pre-B cells
``` Cytoplasmic u (mu) HC Combine w surrogate LC (lambda5, VpreB) Allows for LC formation ```
67
Iga/IgB
``` Cell signalling after Ag binding Transphosphorylation & activation of Btk, Blk, Fyn, Lyn ITAM phosphorylation Docking sites for adaptor proteins ```
68
MHC I
``` Unregulated by Iga/B a3 binds CD8 A/B/C B2 microglobulin Promiscuous binding Anchor residues secure peptide into binding groove (same for MHC II) ```
69
MHC II
Unregulated by IFNy CD4 binds B2 DP/DR/DQ
70
Hyper IgM Syndrome
No CD40L | B cells can’t isotope switch
71
T cell independent Ag
Polysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides Proteoglycans Little isotope switching, somatic mutation, or memory

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