weeks 1-2 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
4 processes involved in sound:
A
Vibration: An object vibrates, disturbing the particles in the surrounding medium.
▶ Wave Creation: This disturbance causes the particles to move in a wave pattern.
▶ Transmission: Sound waves travel through the medium
▶ Interpretation: Our ears and brain process these waves
2
Q
peaks of particles in sound wave create ___ zones, between the peaks create ___ zones
A
compression, rarifaction
3
Q
Can there be sounds that do not involve any vibration of an object? yes/no
A
no
4
Q
motor programming refers to:
A
what muscles need to be moved and in what sequence
5
Q
5 steps needed to produce speech (including speech) in feed forward model
A
communicative intensions
language encoding
motor programming
motor execution
speech
6
Q
“a plan is constructed and carried out without paying attention to the results” this is an example of a ____ model
A
feed forward
7
Q
___ is the sense of the relative position of one’s own body parts. This term and tactile generally fall under the term ____
A
proprioception, haptic
8
Q
what kind of feedback helps us produce the right TYPE of sound
ex. lowering/raising velum
A
haptic
9
Q
aero-tactile:
A
sense of touch or feeling in relation to air or airflow e.g.: sensation of air moving against the skin
10
Q
Somatosensory:
A
perception of senses
11
Q
EEG stands for:
A
Electroencephalography
12
Q
EPG stands for:
A
Electropalatography
13
Q
EGG
A
Electroglottography
14
Q
EMG stands for:
A
Electromyography
15
Q
temporal resolution:
A
how often measurements are taken
16
Q
spatial resolution:
A
how detailed/precise the measurements are
17
Q
sagittal axes: (with proper anatomical names)
cuts body into: ___ and ____ parts
A
vertical and anterior-posterior
left (sinistrad) and right (dextrad)
18
Q
coronal/frontal axes: (with proper anatomical names)
cuts body into: ___ and ____ parts
A
vertical and side-to-side
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
19
Q
transverse axes: (with proper anatomical names)
cuts body into: ___ and ____ parts
A
side-to-side and anterior-posterior
superior and inferior
20
Q
You want an anatomical plane which contains both the eyes. Which plane(s) can give you that?
A. sagittal
B. coronal
C. transverse
D. only coronal and transverse
E. all of A, B, and C
A
E
21
Q
Medial=
A
towards the midline of body
22
Q
Lateral
A
away from the midline of body
23
Q
Proximal=
A
closer to the origin/attachment.
24
Q
Distal=
A
farther from origin/attachment.
25
cranial=
towards the head
26
caudal=
towards the tail
27
superficial=
towards the skin
28
deep=
deeper into body
29
Striated muscle:
can be moved voluntarily
30
Smooth muscle:
works without voluntary efforts
31
4 main parts of CNS
▶ cerebrum (the brain)
▶ brain stem,
▶ cerebellum,
▶ spinal cord
32
spinal nerves: ___ pairs
31
33
cranial nerves: ___ pairs
12
34
neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body in the form of _____ and ____ signals.
electrical, chemical
35
____ are tree-like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help in
receiving signals from other neurons
Dendrites
36
more specific function of dendrites:
They increase the surface area for receiving incoming signals and
transmit the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body,
or soma.
37
t/f all info recieved by dendrite is transmitted
false. must reach threshold
38
soma/cell body function:
It combines the electrical signals received from dendrites to send them down the axon.
39
axon function:
It’s responsible for transmitting the neuron’s electrical signals to other cells, either neurons or muscles.
40
t/f thicker axons transmit impulses faster than thinner axons
true
41
The ___ ____ is a protective fatty layer that wraps around the axon.
myelin sheath
42
myelin sheath function:
It increases the speed at which electrical impulses propagate along the axon and also helps in protecting the nerve fiber.
43
nodes of ranvier function:
They facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses along the axon by
forcing the electrical impulse to jump from one node to the next.
44
nodes of ranvier function is often called ___ ____
sultatory conduction
45
axon terminal function:
It’s involved in releasing neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals to other neurons or effectors
46
synapse function:
It allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
47
motor neuron transmits signals from ___ to ____
CNS, muscles
48
sensory neurons transmit sensory info from ____ to ____
sensory organs, CNS
49
sensory neurons are responsible for converting ____ into _____
external stimuli, internal
electrical impulses.
50
_____, located within the central nervous system, communicate internally
and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Interneurons
51
interneuron function:
They play a crucial role in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the human brain.
52
The myelin sheath is particularly important in neurons because it:
A. Generates the electrical impulses needed for neural communication..
B. Speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses along the axon.
C. Speeds up the collection of signals from the dendrites to the cell body.
D. Connects the central nervous system to muscles and glands
B
53
What is the main function of the axon terminal in a neuron?
A. To collect signals from the dendrites of another neuron.
B. To cover the axon and speed up neural transmission.
C. To regenerate damaged neural fibers.
D. To release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
D
54
gray matter is predominantly found in the ____ ____
cerebral cortex
55
____ is involved in muscle control, sensory perception,
memory, emotions, speech, decision making, etc.
gray matter
56
___ connects different brain regions and facilitates rapid transmission of nerve signals.
white matter
57
58
t/f the brain contains more gray matter
false
59
neural impulse transmission is often referred to as __ ___
action potentials
60
name the steps involved in neural impulse transmission (6)
resting potential
depolarization
peak
repolarization
hyperpolarization
resting potential
61
Neurons have a resting membrane potential of about ___
-70mV
62
what happens with sodium and potassium in the depolarization phase
sodium comes in the cell
63
what happens with sodium and potassium in the repolarization phase
potassium moves out of the cell
64
what happens with sodium and potassium in the phase coming back to resting potential
potassium moves back in and sodium moves out
65
during depolarization the membrane potential becomes more pos/neg, reaching about ___V
positive, +30-40
66
during repolarization the membrane potential becomes more pos/neg
neg
67
why does the hyperpolarization stage sometimes happen
the membrane potential temporarily becomes more negative than the resting potential.
68
hyperpolarization makes the neuron more/less sensitive to new stimuli
less
69
t/f during the absolute refractory period, no new action potential can be initiated
true
70
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump during the resting potential of a neuron?
A. To depolarize the neuron by allowing sodium ions into the cell.
B. To hyperpolarize the neuron by removing potassium ions from the cell.
C. To maintain the resting membrane potential by pumping sodium ions out and
potassium ions into the neuron. D. To generate action potentials by reversing the ion concentration gradient.
C
71
During which phase of the action potential do the potassium channels open?
A. Rising phase of the action potential.
B. Depolarization phase.
C. Repolarization phase.
D. Hyperpolarization phase.
C
72
EEG detects fluctuations in electrical activity in the brain, primarily from the
___ ____
cerebral cortex
73
Brain waves categorized into five main types: (which is lowest frq which is highest frq)
Delta (lowest), Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma (highest)
74
The ___ System is a fundamental method
in EEG for the placement of scalp electrodes.
10-20
75
EEG electrode placement divides the scalp into proportionate distances between four anatomical
landmarks:
Nasion (front of the head) Inion (back of the head)
Two preauricular points (in front of each ear)
76
how does the percentage work for the electrode placement
10% right at the nasion and inion points 20% everywhere else
77
clinical uses of EEG include diagnosis of things like
epilepsy and sleep disorders
78
N400 A ____ peak after about 400 ms from the onset
associated with ____ abnormality
negative, semantic
79
P600: A ____ peak after about 600 ms
associated with ____ abnormality
positive, syntactic
80
400 or 600ms after the "weird sound" is introduced is considered the ___ marking
e-pock
81
Say you heard someone say “Out of all the nice cars, only the small green one mewed." Which of ERP will be triggered by this?
A. N100-P200
B. N400
C. P600
D. Not sure yet
B
82
pre-processing refers to:
filtering out noise
83
epoching refers to:
segmenting data around an event
84
Considering the electrode placement at T4, which function is primarily associated with the brain area beneath this electrode?
A. Visual processing and spatial awareness.
B. Auditory processing and language comprehension.
C. Executive functions and decision making.
D. Motor coordination and balance.
B
85
the ridges of the cortex are called ____
gyri
86
____ is the shallow groove of gyri
sulcus
87
____ is the deep groove of gyri
fissure
88
brain hemispheres are linked by the ____ _____
corpus collosum
89
frontal lobes function:
play a major role in the planning of physical (i.e., motor) movement for all parts of
the body.
90
parietal lobes function:
processes incoming sensory information
91
temporal lobes
contains auditory centre (processes auditory info)
92
occipital lobes function:
processes visual info
93
where is the cerebellum located and what does it do
Located under the cerebrum; looks like
a miniature brain
Sends signals to the motor cortex to assist in
fine-tuning skilled motor activities.
94
what are the 3 main parts of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, and
medulla
95
the brainstem controls vital life functions such as (3):
breathing,
heart rate, and blood pressure.
96
the brainstem sends ___ commands
motor
97
what specific structure recieves motor information from the primary motor cortex and uses it to modify movement
basal ganglia
98
thalamus function
Acts as the main relay station for sensory information heading to the cerebral cortex (helps make quicker movements)
99
amygdala 2 main functions
1. Involved in processing emotions like fear, anger, and pleasure.
2. Plays a role in determining what memories are stored and where they are stored in the brain
100
the ___ is associated with autism
amygdala
101
brocas area is located in the ___ lobe typically in
the ___ hemisphere.
frontal, left
102
brocas area 2 main functions
Crucial for speech production and language processing.
103
Damage can lead to Broca’s aphasia, affecting ___ ____
speech fluency
104
wernicke's area is found in the ____ lobe, primarily in the
___ hemisphere
temporal, left
105
wernicke's area is essential for __ ___. wernicke's aphasia affects this
language comprehension
106
the bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas is called the:
it is essential for ____ and ___ speech
Arcuate Fasciculus
coordinated, fluent
107
how does the motor cortex relate to speech?
is sends signals to speech muscles for sound production.
108
the auditory cortex is important for __ and ___ sounds
processing, understanding
109
t/f the auditory cortex is responsible for monitoring/adjusting speech
true
110
the angular gyrus is located at the junction of which 3 lobes
parietal-temporal-occipital
111
function of angular gyrus (2 main):
Involved in transforming written language into verbal form.
involved in conveying high level meaning
112
what supplementary area and what cortex are involved in planning complex movements,
including speech? what lobe are they in?
Supplementary Motor Area and Pre-motor Cortex
frontal
113
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for speech production and is typically located in the posteterior-inferior aspect of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere?
A. Wernicke’s Area
B. Auditory Cortex
C. Broca’s Area
D. Angular Gyrus
C
114
Different kinds of sounds can generate different types of signals that can provided different types of feedback. How might tactile and proprioceptive feedback work together during speech?
By analyzing airflow patterns to determine pitch.
By detecting specific locations of muscle tension and airflow, in sounds like voiced fricatives.
By measuring sound intensity through vibrations in sounds like, vowels.
By visually tracking the movements of articulators, like velum.
By detecting specific locations of muscle tension and airflow, in sounds like voiced fricatives.
115
Compared to the [s] sound, the production of [ʃ] often involves forming a groove in the middle of the tongue, with the sides raised, in many languages (i.e., the middle of the tongue is lowered while the sides are elevated). A linguist is studying whether the size of this groove varies depending on the number of fricatives in a language's consonant inventory. Which imaging characteristics would be most useful for this investigation?
Transverse plane
Coronal plane
Midsagittal plane
Parasagittal plane
Coronal plane
116
While speaking, John suddenly realized that he mispronounced a phoneme. At the same time, he also notice a sign of surprise in the face of his interlocutor. He paused and corrected the pronunciation by saying the word again. What type of feedback most likely helped John identify the error?
Auditory feedback from his interlocutor.
Aerotactile feedback from his lungs.
Proprioception feedback from his skull.
Auditory feedback from his own voice and hearing system.
Auditory feedback from his own voice and hearing system.
117
An ultrasound slice of the tongue that shows its length from the tip to the root is likely taken in the sagittal plane.
True
False
true
118
A deck of midsagittal slices of the tongue, taken over time, will allow you to observe whether the sides of your tongue are moving symmetrically during speech.
True
False
false
119
The sense of proprioception, which provides information about body position and movement, is considered a type of haptic feedback.
True
False
true
120
To treat medically intractable epilepsy, some patients undergo a surgical procedure where a specific structure in the brain is severed or removed. After the procedure, the left and right hemispheres of the brain can no longer communicate directly, leading to a condition known as "split-brain."
Based on the description of "split-brain" patients, which part of the brain is affected during the operation?
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Corpus callosum
121
The myelin sheath is known to increase the speed of neural signal transmission. This is achieved by:
Facilitating continuous electrical conduction along the axon.
Directly generating action potentials along the axon.
Allowing impulses to jump between nodes.
Preventing ion leakage across the axon membrane.
Allowing impulses to jump between nodes.
122
During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which statement is true?
Sodium-potassium pumps actively depolarize the neuron by expelling potassium ions.
Potassium ions enter the neuron, causing the interior to become less negative.
Both sodium and potassium ions flow into the neuron, neutralizing the resting potential.
Sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron, making the interior more positive.
Sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron, making the interior more positive.
123
Which statement best describes the role of the frontal lobe?
It contains regions that coordinate planning and execution of voluntary movements, including speech.
It is responsible for processing incoming sensory information from the body.
It plays a key role in visual processing and recognition of spatial patterns.
It is the primary center for processing auditory information and language comprehension.
It contains regions that coordinate planning and execution of voluntary movements, including speech.
124
John is interacting with a new patient who appears to have difficulty in coordinating the fine motor movements required for speech, resulting in slurred and imprecise articulation. However, their ability to understand language and form coherent sentences remains intact. He suspects that the patient's basal ganglia is likely not working properly. Could it be true?
True
False
true
125
The visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe, processes visual information that can aid in speech comprehension.
True
False
true
126
The following sentence will likely trigger a P400 peak in the signals obtained via EEG.
"She doesn't have the slightest idea where is the book."
True
False
false
127
agonist =
contracts to produce main movement
128
antagonist=
pulls away from movement (opp of agnostic) -lengthening
129
synergist=
stabilizes, preventing unwanted movement
130
____ language zone refers to all of the language zones in the brain responsible for speech
pensylvan
131
low level planning and speech timing are considered ___ skills
acquired
132
