weeks 3-4 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the ___ to ___
A
CNS, limbs and organs.
2
Q
The PNS is essential for ____ input and ____ output
A
sensory data, motor command
3
Q
the PNS is mostly composed of ___ and ___
A
nerves, ganglia
4
Q
sensory nerves cary info from the ___ to ____
A
body to CNS
5
Q
motor nerves carry info from the ___ to ___
A
CNS, body
6
Q
there are ___ pairs of cranial nerves
A
12
7
Q
there are ___ pairs of spinal nerves
A
31
8
Q
A ____ is an area of skin where sensations like touch, pain, and temperature
are felt, controlled by a single spinal nerve.
A
dermatome
9
Q
go through cranial nerve numonic and name them all in accordance with their roman numeral
A
on: olfactory
occassion: optic
our: occulomotor
trusty: trochlear
truck: trigeminal
acts: abducens
funny: facial
very: vestibulocochlear
good: glossopharyngeal
vehicle: vagus
any: accessory
how: hypoglossal
10
Q
olfactory nerve:
type?
function?
A
sensory
smell
11
Q
optic nerve:
type?
function?
A
sensory
vision
12
Q
oculomotor nerve:
type?
function?
A
motor
Eyelid and eyeball movement
13
Q
trochlear nerve:
type?
function?
A
motor
Moves eye downward and laterally
14
Q
trigeminal nerve:
type?
function?
A
both
Facial sensation, chewing
15
Q
abducens nerve:
type?
function?
A
motor
Turns eye laterally
16
Q
facial nerve:
type?
function?
A
both
Facial expression, taste, salivation, tear secretion
17
Q
vestibulocochlear nerve:
type?
function?
A
sensory
Hearing and balance
18
Q
glossopharyngeal nerve:
type?
function?
A
both
Taste, moves pharynx
19
Q
vagus nerve:
type?
function?
A
both
slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs, taste,
movements of larynx pharynx and velum
20
Q
accessory nerve:
type?
function?
A
motor
Controls trapezius & vital for respiration, swallowing movements
21
Q
hypoglossal nerve:
type?
function?
A
motor
Controls muscles of the tongue
22
Q
John felt a mosquito bite on his right cheek. Which cranial nerve helped John feel that mosquito bite?
A) Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)
B) Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
C) Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
D) Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
A
B
23
Q
The Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) is essential for which of the following functions?
A) Chewing and mastication
B) Hearing and balance
C) Taste and salivation
D) Movement of the tongue
A
B
24
Q
which 6 cranial nerves are relevant to speech production? (list numbers)
A
5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12
25
which cranial nerve governs speech perception
Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear).
26
The individual in the image exhibits a drooping mouth. If a nerve is related to this, which nerve should it be?
A) Cranial Nerve V
B) Cranial Nerve VII
C) Cranial Nerve X
D) Cranial Nerve XII
B
27
The spine is composed of __ vertebrae, divided into five regions:
33
▶ 7 Cervical vertebrae
▶ 12 Thoracic vertebrae
▶ 5 Lumbar vertebrae
▶ 5 Sacral vertebrae
▶ 3–5 Coccygeal vertebrae
28
___ vertebrae are most sensitive to bad posture, adding stress to these discs
lumbar
29
sesory aka:
afferent
30
motor aka:
efferent
31
Cervical nerves (C1-C8): Innervate the:
neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.
32
Thoracic nerves (T1-T12): Control:
chest, certain abdominal muscles, and
mid-back
33
Lumbar and Sacral nerves Innervate:
lower abdomen, legs, bowel, and bladder.
34
what nerve is most crucial to breathing, primarily inervating the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
35
which 3 nerves does the phrenic nerve originate from
C3, C4, C5
36
afferent nerves take info from the ___ to the spinal cord through the __ route
skin, dorsal
37
efferent nerves take info from the spinal cord to the ___ through the __ route
muscles, ventral (front)
38
efferent neurons undergo ___ division, involving voluntary/involuntary movement from skeletal muscles
somatic, voluntary
39
____ division regulates involuntary movement
autonomic
40
Which of the following best describes the function of the phrenic nerve?
A. It provides motor innervation to the muscles of the arm.
B. It carries sensory information from the thoracic region to the spinal cord.
C. It provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, essential for breathing.
D. It transmits sensory information from the cervical region to the brain.
C
41
* striated= voluntary/involuntary contraction
voluntary
42
Each muscle fiber is a single muscle cell, surrounded by a plasma membrane called
the ____
sarcolemma.
43
t/f the largest muscle fibres are activated first
false. smaller more precise
44
what is the basic unit of muscle contraction
sacromeres
45
list 6 steps in order of skeletal muscle breakdown
whole muscle
fasicles
muscle fiber
myofibrils
sacromeres
myofilaments (actin + myosin)
46
t/f myofibril units are combined together/not separable
false
47
Muscle contraction is driven by the ___ ____ theory.
sliding filament
48
explain the sliding filament theory
Upon stimulation, myosin filaments within the sarcomere pull on actin filaments,
causing the sarcomere to shorten.
49
A motor unit consists of:
a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it
innervates/controls.
50
t/f all motor units within a specific muscle are activated at the same time
false. different motor units will take turns activating, using the subset of fibres associated with their unit
51
boyle's law __ and ___ are inversely correlated
pressure, volume
52
during exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs is higher/lower than atmospheric pressure
higher
53
The ___ muscles increase and decrease lung volume, leading to air movement
for pressure equalization. This is known as:
thoracic
negative-pressure
breathing.
54
___ + ___ = Inspiratory capacity
inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
55
___ + ___ = functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + risidual volume
56
tidal breathing has __% of cycle for inhalation and __% for exhalation
40, 60
57
Vital capacity (VC):
The maximum volume of air exchanged through breathing
58
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
Max air inhaled after tidal inspiration.
59
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
Max air expelled after tidal expiration.
60
vital capacity (VC) consists of:
TV, IRV, and ERV.
61
total lung capacity = __ + ___
VC + RV
62
Functional residual capacity (FRC):
The volume in the lungs after a normal
exhalation (ERV + RV).
63
the speech breathing % inh/exh is:
10, 90
64
Which of the following best defines Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
A. The maximum volume of air inhaled after a normal inhalation.
B. The maximum volume of air exhaled after a normal exhalation.
C. The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.
D. The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
A
65
EMG detects the electrical activity from multiple _____ as they are
activated by ____
muscle fibers, motor neurons
66
t/f EMG is consistently effective for all muscles
false. not always for smooth
67
Smooth muscles are controlled by the ___ nervous system, meaning not voluntary
control.
autonomic
68
EMG measures the (MUAP):
motor unit action potential
69
what are the 2 main types of EMG
surface and intramuscular
70
raw emg signal is rectified by taking the ___ value and making all the signal ____
absolute, positive
71
Rectification is a necessary step in EMG processing to facilitate:
analysis and interpretation.
72
t/f negative EMG signal means the muscle is in rest phase
false
73
what are 3 things smoothing rectified EMG signal does
removes high frq noise
reveals trends in muscle activation
facilitates comparison across trials and subjects
74
After rectifying an EMG signal, you notice that the signal still exhibits rapid fluctuations. You want to extract a more stable representation of muscle activation patterns over time. Which of the following would be the most appropriate next step?
A. Apply an operation that sums up the signals to account for the negative and
positive values
B. Increase the amplitude of the EMG signal for better visualization
C. Apply a low-pass filter to remove high-frequency noise
D. Apply a high-pass filter to remove low-frequency noise
C
75
the Delsys EMG system would place the sensors on the ___ on either side of the muslce
tendons
76
The lungs have __ lobes on the left side and __ lobes on the right side
2, 3
77
what are alveoli
tiny air sacs within the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged with the blood.
78
there are approximately ___ million alveoli in the lung
300
79
The lungs are encased in a double-layered membrane called the ___
pleura.
80
The inner layer (____ pleura) adheres to the lungs; the outer layer (____
pleura) lines the chest wall
visceral, parietal
81
Can you think of an advantage of having the pleura instead of a rigid connection
between the lungs and the ribcage?
* lungs are not effected by different postures/body positions because of the pleural configuration
* not dependent on other neighbouring structure
82
6 steps from trachea to alveoli:
▶ Trachea (cartilage) →
▶ Left/Right main bronchus (cartilage) →
▶ Bronchioles (smaller branches of bronchi; smooth muscles) →
▶ Alveolar ducts (even smaller tubes than bronchioles) →
▶ Alveolar sacs (at end of alveolar ducts; clusters of alveoli) →
▶ Alveoli (tiny balloon-like structures)
83
does thorax expand/compress during inhalation
expand
84
Which statement correctly describes the hierarchical structure of the airway leading to the lungs?
A. The trachea divides into bronchioles, which lead to the alveolar ducts and
eventually the alveoli.
B. The bronchi branch into the trachea, which further divides into alveoli.
C. The bronchi branch directly into alveolar sacs, bypassing the bronchioles and
alveolar ducts.
D. The trachea bifurcates into bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, leading to
alveolar ducts and alveoli.
D
85
the tough flat sheet at the core of the diaphragm is called:
the central tendon
86
functions of central tendon:
* makes it easier to breathe out, enabling the diaphragm to flatten and move out
* helps w transmition of energy from muscles
87
intercostal =
between ribs
88
___ Elevate the ribs, expanding the chest wall and further increasing thoracic volume.
External intercostal muscles:
89
____ Raise the sternum, contributing to the increase in thoracic volume.
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
90
What role does the central tendon play in the functioning of the diaphragm during inhalation?
A. It acts as a hinge point allowing the diaphragm to expand outward.
B. It serves as the attachment site for the heart and lungs.
C. It transmits the force generated by the diaphragm’s muscular contractions and
enables the diaphragm to flatten and move downward.
D. It prevents the diaphragm from over-contracting during inhalation.
C
91
Exhalation during quiet breathing is primarily a active/passive process.
passive
92
During active exhalation, such as during vigorous exercise or forceful breathing, several muscles are involved: ___ muscles and ___ muscles
abdominal, internal intercostal
93
role of Abdominal muscles in active exhalation
Contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure, pushing the diaphragm up and
reducing thoracic volume.
94
role of Internal intercostal muscles in active exhalation
Pull the ribs down to further decrease the thoracic cavity volume.
95
list the abdominal muscles in order of least to most exterior
transverse, internal, rectus, external
96
the exhalation muscles are mainly innervated by the lower ___ spinal nerves
thoracic
97
chest breathing is deep/shallow
shallow
98
A patient with weakened abdominal muscles is likely to experience difficulty with which aspect of breathing?
A. Passive inhalation during relaxed breathing.
B. Active exhalation during activities such as coughing or singing.
C. Elastic recoil of the lungs during quiet breathing.
D. Contraction of the diaphragm for inhalation.
B
99
Liam is a student studying brain anatomy. He is interested in separating the sensory nerves from the motor nerves. Which of the following sets contains only motor nerves?
Trochlear nerve, Abducens nerve, Hypoglossal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve, Oculomotor nerve, Accessory nerve
Olfactory nerve, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Vagus nerve
Optic nerve, Trigeminal nerve, Facial nerve
Trochlear nerve, Abducens nerve, Hypoglossal nerve
100
James, a speech therapist, is working with a patient who has difficulty moving their tongue during speech production. After assessing the patient's condition, James suspects an issue with a cranial nerve responsible for tongue movement. Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely affected?
Cranial Nerve VII
Cranial Nerve IX
Cranial Nerve V
Cranial Nerve XII
Cranial Nerve XII
101
John is trying to learn about afferent and efferent nerves. Which of the following accurately describes the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?
Afferent nerves transmit motor information, while efferent nerves transmit sensory information.
Afferent nerves exit the spinal cord, while efferent nerves enter the spinal cord.
Afferent nerves only control voluntary movements, while efferent nerves control involuntary movements.
Afferent nerves transmit sensory information to the brain, while efferent nerves transmit motor information from the brain.
Afferent nerves transmit sensory information to the brain, while efferent nerves transmit motor information from the brain.
102
Which of the following best describes the filament theory of muscle contraction?
Myosin filaments disintegrate, allowing actin filaments to contract.
Actin and myosin filaments remain stationary while the sarcomere contracts.
Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, causing sarcomeres to shorten.
Sarcomeres lengthen as myosin and actin filaments push each other away.
Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, causing sarcomeres to shorten.
103
Emma, a 45-year-old librarian, recently experienced a traumatic facial injury during a biking accident. Doctors found that the trigeminal nerve on her right side was severely damaged. Based on Emma's scenario, is the following statement likely true or false?
"Emma will have problems with chewing due to weakened jaw muscles."
True
False
true
104
Liam, a 50-year-old chef, complained of persistent dizziness, unsteady gait, and ringing in his left ear after an acoustic neuroma surgery. Doctors confirmed partial damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve.
True/False Statement:
"Liam is likely experiencing balance and hearing problems as a result of vestibulocochlear nerve damage."
True
False
true
105
The Trigeminal, Facial, and Vagus nerves are crucial for speech production because they control movements of the jaw, lips, and vocal folds, respectively.
True
False
true
106
The nerves innervating the diaphragm, the most important muscle to breathing, originate from the three of the thoracic vertebrae.
True
False
false
107
A speech-language pathologist is working with a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The client reports difficulty expelling air completely and experiences shortness of breath during speech. The pathologist aims to improve the client’s ability to control airflow and extend speech duration by focusing on the lung volume that remains in the lungs after normal expiration.
Which lung volume is the pathologist most likely focusing on?
Functional residual capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Tidal volume
Functional residual capacity
108
A professional athlete is undergoing respiratory training to improve breath control and endurance. During a session, the coach instructs the athlete to take the deepest breath possible, filling the lungs completely, and then to exhale as much air as possible. This exercise is designed to maximize lung function by utilizing multiple lung volumes.
Which lung volumes or capacities are primarily involved in this breathing exercise?
Only the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Only the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal volume (TV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Both the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal volume (TV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
109
Which of the following statements about the location of abdominal muscles is false?
The internal oblique muscle is positioned between the external oblique and transversus abdominis muscles.
The transversus abdominis muscle is the deepest of the four abdominal muscles.
The rectus abdominis muscle is superficial to the external oblique muscle.
The external oblique muscle is superficial to the internal oblique muscle.
The rectus abdominis muscle is superficial to the external oblique muscle.
110
Which 2 of the following statements about the diaphragm muscle is false?
The central tendon of the diaphragm is a contractile structure that actively shortens during inspiration.
The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration, contracting to increase thoracic volume.
The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve, which originates from cervical spinal nerves C3–C5.
The diaphragm contracts and moves upward during inhalation, decreasing lung volume.
The central tendon of the diaphragm is a contractile structure that actively shortens during inspiration.
The diaphragm contracts and moves upward during inhalation, decreasing lung volume.
111
If a blockage were to occur in one of the bronchiole in the right lung, gas exchange in all the alveolar sacs would be restricted.
True
False
false
112
The cervical vertebrae play a crucial role in respiration because they provide attachment points for the ribs and facilitate rib movement during breathing.
True
False
false
113
A researcher is analyzing raw surface EMG signals from the masseter muscle during speech production. The recorded data shows both positive and negative voltage values in millivolts. The researcher concludes that this means some motor units are actively contracting while others are simultaneously inhibiting the muscle. Is this likely true or false?
True
False
false
114
A yoga instructor is leading a class in deep belly breathing exercises. One student, curious about the role of different muscles, states that the rectus abdominis plays a crucial role in belly breathing by actively expanding the abdomen during inhalation. Is this likely true or false?
True
False
false
115
what is the hennemans principle
muscle activation has to be short and motor units take turns
116
explain pump handle analogy for lungs expanding (front-back expansion)
neck muscles lift sternum
sternum causes ribcage to lift
vertabre hinge and lungs expand
