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BIO 121 > Weeks 5+6 > Flashcards

Weeks 5+6 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what is the basal taxon of the archaeplastida supergroup

A

Red algae

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2
Q

what pigments do red algae have that green algae dont

A

phycoerthrin and phycocyanin

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3
Q

how do chlorophytes and charophytes differe

A

chlorophytes
- unicellular
- no plasmodesmata
- grows in sheets
charophytes
- multicellular
- plasmodesmata connecting cells
- grown in 1 direction

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4
Q

what are the benefits of plasmodesmata

A

Plasmodesmata allow for more efficient cell communication and more complex multicellular structures.

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5
Q

what is another word for clade

A

monophyletic taxon

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6
Q

what were some struggles of plants moving to land

A
  • less water
  • saltier water
  • gravity
  • sunlight
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7
Q

why is the adaption of a thick cuticle not found in all plants

A

inhibits water uptake in some plants

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8
Q

what were some adaptions made by plants to thrive on land

A

spores protected by sporopollinin
thick cuticle (protects water loss and UV)
alternation of generations

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9
Q

describe the alternation of generations life cycle (step by step)

A

(–spores–gametophyte–gametes)–[zygote–sporophyte–]

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10
Q

why do plants have a haploid lifycycle

A

to protect their embryos

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11
Q

TF spores produced by mitosis and gametes produced by meiosis

A

F, spores prod by meiosis, gametes prod by mitosis

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12
Q

TF charophytes dont have alternation of generations

A

T

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13
Q

if not alternation of generations what is the charophyte life cycle

A

gametophyte–gametes–zygote–spores

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14
Q

why dont bryophytes have a thick cuticle like other plants

A

wouldnt be able to absob enough H2O

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15
Q

TF Liverworts dont have cuticle or stomata

A

T, all exchange happens thru leaves (they dont even have roots)

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16
Q

what does the cuticle protect against

A

desiccation(water loss), UV, parasites

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17
Q

what are stomata

A

pores that allow for gas exchange

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18
Q

what are the guard cells for

A

open or close the pore to balance CO2 absorption and water loss

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19
Q

what do open and closed guard cells look like

A

open = swollen
closed = shrunken

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20
Q

what is the basal taxon of land plants

A

liverworts

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21
Q

how can bryophytes (moss) survive w/o water

A

go into a state of dormancy during a drought (can last for 20 years)

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22
Q

what is vascular tissue

A

conducting cells that allow vascular plants to
transport water, sugar and nutrients efficiently

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23
Q

what is xylem

A

transport and store water + nutrients

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24
Q

what is Phloem

A

transports sugars and proteins

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25
TF if a plant has vascular tissue, theyll have roots
T
26
TF if u have a root system you can from a relationship with fungi
T
27
TF bryophytes are sporophyte dominant and ferns are gametophyte dominant
F, bryophytes gametophyte dominant and ferns are sporophyte dominant
28
what is lycopodium
club mosses
29
what is polypodium
ferns
30
how do the leaves on lycopodium and polypodium differ
lycopodium= microphylls (small needle like) polypodium= megaphylls
31
what are some traits of seeds (4)
-Are protected (from desiccation and damage) by a seed coat. * Can remain dormant until conditions are favourable. * Include nutrients (endosperm) for the embryo. * Aid in dispersal in both space and time
32
how did seeded plants evolve
a very cold snap in environment happened - seeds were formed bc it was very dry - seeds r dormant when environment unfavourable - protected by seed coat - aid in dispersal in space and time
33
what does pollen do
-protect sperms(sporopollenin) -eliminate the depedance on water for fertilization -aid in dispersal
34
what is the male cone
pollen cone - has pollen sacs inside that contain microspores
35
36
what is the female cone
ovule cone - ovule=protective layers - megasporophyll contains megaspore(female spore) develops into female gametophyte
37
how do conifers adapt to cold and dry environments
- narrow leaves (reduce water evap and allows snow to slide off) - thick cuticle - downward branches - retention of leaves year round
38
TF angiosperms represent 90% of all plant species
T
39
what contributed to angiosperms sucess
- broad leaves - advanced vascular tissue - production of flowers - protection of seeds (fruits) - being long lived
40
how did large leaves help angiosperm sucess
more photosynthesis more growth
41
how does short lifecycle help angiosperm success
quick dispersal competitive for space and resources
42
how do advanced vascular tissues help angiosperm success
jus vascular tissue on steroids
43
how do seeds and fruit help angiosperm success
efficient dispersal thru wind or animals
44
what are the benefits of dispersing thru seeds vs spores
- protected by coat - can be dormant - have nutrients - more dispersial
45
how will flowers help angiosperms
- flowers attract animals(pollenators) that will help dispersal - increased diversity
46
how do some flowers adapt to drought
Silver-gray hairs reduce water loss from wind, heat and sun * Deep root system * Seeds that only germinate when conditions are favorable
47
plants arent hunted, but do have defence mechanisms, what are they
Chemicals spikes camoflage indirect defenses (relationships w insects)
48
what is the summary of angiosperm development
-Co-evolution between plants and pollinators * Errors during meiosis that results in genome duplication * Hybridization * Adaptations to environmental conditions, e.g. drought and salinity * Co-evolution between plants and herbivores
49
TF The earliest animals (about 700 million years ago) were likely soft bodied, and many were likely sessile
T
50
TF All animals are chemoheterotrophs, which means that they obtain both energy and carbon from organic molecules.
T
51
what do all animals have in common
Multicellular
52
TF the predator/prey relationship has been a major driver in animal evolution
T
53
Animals are typically classified using the following characteristics
- Body plan/symmetry * Presence of Hox genes * Specialized tissues vs. no true tissue * Germ layers * Embryonic development (protostome vs. deuterostome) * Presence of a notochord
54
what do HOX genes do
determine the shape and function of different regions of the body plan
55
what happens if you dont have HOX genes
probably asymmetrical body
56
what do germ layers do
allow organism to develop specialized tissues
57
what are the functions of the coelom
- It protects the organs that are suspended in it. * It functions as a hydrostatic skeleton and allows effective movement (important for soft bodied animals). * It allows organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall.
58
what are the key characteristics of chordates
- A notochord – a stiff fibrous rod that muscles work against during swimming. * A dorsal hollow nerve cord – which develops into the brain and spinal cord in most chordates - pharyngeal slits - eventually gills - tail - locomotion
59
why do tunicates belong to chordates
their larvae possess all the characteristics of chordates
60
what is the only chordate structure that tunicates retain when theyre adults
pharyngeal slits
61
what are some adaptions throughout the evolution of chordates
- adaptions to cold (fur, feathers, blubber) and dry (amniotic egg and scales) environments - nervous system and brain developed significantly
62
what is and adaptions and how does it develop
It is a beneficial trait that becomes common in a population because individuals with this trait have many offspring
63
what is the primary function of the vertebral column/backbone
protect the nerve chord
64
TF early chordates had no backbone, just a notochord, but later developed prong like cartilage for protectiong
T
65
why were jaws such a big advancement in vertebrates
new sources of food and become more efficient predators.
66
Why would fish have lungs?
allows for buoyance and gulp air in O2 poor environments
67
what evolution allowed for better movement in shallow waters and allowed the animal to hunt on land and in water
muscular (limb like) fins
68
what are the benefits of an amniotic egg
- Protection against dehydration * Shock absorber * Gas exchange * Transfer of stored nutrients (yolk sac) * Storage of waste
69
which adaptions allowed animals to conserve water, conserve body heat, defend themselves and camouflage
Scales, claws, hair, and feathers
70
what characteristics are unique to mammals
- have kidneys to conserve water and removing metabolic waste - Female nourish their young with milk - give birth to live young - hair and blubber under skin to protect against heat and cold - can regulate internal heat and have high metabolic rate

BIO 121 (6 decks)

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