Weeks 7-8

Question 1

what 4 things do all chordates have

Answer 1

tail
pharengyl slits
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve chord

Question 2

what characteristic do tunicates retain from chordates

Answer 2

pharengyl slits

Question 3

what are some cold adaptions

Answer 3

fur, feathers, blubber, thermoregulation

Question 4

what are some hot adaptions

Answer 4

amniotic egg, scales

Question 5

what is an adaption

Answer 5

a trait that becomes common in the population bc their offspring have more individuals

Question 6

what did the earliest vertebrates evolve to protect their nerve chord

Answer 6

prong like extensions (catilage)

Question 7

what is the primary function of the vertebral column

Answer 7

protect the nerve chord

Question 8

what did fish evolve for more O2 absorption (gas exchange)

Answer 8

lungs/swim bladders

Question 9

what is the structure that prevents dehydration, helps gas exchange, transfers nutriens, is a shock absorber, and for waste storage

Answer 9

amniotic egg

Question 10

what stage does the amniotic stage eliminate and why

Answer 10

the larva stage, because it allows the mother to lay on the egg

Question 11

what do scales, claws, hair and feathers help the animal do

Answer 11

conserve water
conserve body heat
defence
camoflage

Question 12

what are some characteristics unique to mammals

Answer 12

female nourishes young w milk glands
generates own heat (endothermic)
give birth to live young
hair+fat to protect from heat+cold
kidneys conserve water+remove waste

Question 13

what is modern evolutionary synthesis

Answer 13

combines natural selection + mendelian inheritance + modern genetics

Question 14

what components make up modern evolutionary synthesis

Answer 14

selection pressure
spon mutations and sexual reprod.
mendelian inheritance
other (genetic drift / gene flow)

Question 15

what is selection pressure

Answer 15

competition, predation, environment, non-random mating

Question 16

what do we need to set up a hypothesis + what is this called ?

Answer 16

background info
observations
general theories
conclusion from previous data
- also need a control
“deductive reasoning”

Question 17

TF we want to collect all of the organisms of the species on the island to study

Answer 17

F, we want to collect as large of a sample size given time and funding restrictions

Question 18

what is inductive reasoning

Answer 18

a conclusion based of specific data (or data that you have collected)

Question 19

what is microevolution

Answer 19

natural selection - certain trait changes - happens within 1 species

Question 20

what is macroevolution (speciation)

Answer 20

difference in phenotype of 1 species becomes so different that that the 2 populations can no longer mate and the species splits into 2.

Question 21

what are 3 natural selection characteristics

Answer 21

inheritable traits
variation among individuals
selection pressure

Question 22

which ways can natural selection affect/shape a population(what are the types of natural selection

Answer 22

stabilizing selection
directional selection
diversifying selection
frequency dependent selection
sexual selection

Question 23

what is stabilizing selection

Answer 23

being average is good
extreme traits selected against
ex) # eggs a bird lays

Question 24

what is directional selection

Answer 24

selects for extreme phenotypes depending on environment
ex) beak size before vs after a drought

Question 25

what is diversifying selection

Answer 25

2 or more phenotypes where the intermediate is less fit (selection against the average) ex) bunny colour

Question 26

what is frequency dependant selection

Answer 26

+ve = favours common phenotype -ve = favours rare phenotype ex) +ve elk - fit in w crowd (camoflage) -ve - attracting a mate, maybe viruses dont recognize a binding site

Question 27

what is sexual selection

Answer 27

- have physical structure to attract mate - intersexual vs intrasexual - has to do w enviro + weather or not they have to defend something(for females)

Question 28

what is intersexual

Answer 28

Just have to look good to attract a mate

Question 29

what is intrasexual

Answer 29

defend something for the females to attract a mate

Question 30

what is genetic drift

Answer 30

evolution due to chance events ex) hurricanes/floods

Question 31

what are the 3 situations (effects) for genetic drift

Answer 31

(all by chance) -bottleneck effect - individuals die due to environmental event (nat. disasters) -effect of random mating - some individuals will have more offspring than others -founder effect - some individuals migrate to new island

Question 32

what is the problem with genetic drift

Answer 32

reduces variation

Question 33

whats the difference between nat. selection and genetic drift

Answer 33

drift = random selection = not random

Question 34

TF in a smaller population the likelihood of an allele being fixed is lower

Answer 34

F, its higher (1 trait remains in the population)

Question 35

TF small population w random mating = likely genetic drift + loss of an allele

Answer 35

T

Question 36

why is high genetic diversity beneficial

Answer 36

adaptive capacity potential long term survival high resiliance

Question 37

TF in large populations random mating leads to genetic drift and the loss of an allele

Answer 37

F

Question 38

what 4 things increase genetic diversity

Answer 38

mutations sexual reproduction HGT migration/gene flow

Question 39

what are 4 things that show evidence of evolution

Answer 39

fossils homologous + analagous structures genetic similarities(best one) vestegial structures

Question 40

why is genetic similarities the best evidence of evolution

Answer 40

we can calcualte the genetic equivalence between animals

Question 41

what is divergent evolution

Answer 41

the function of homologous structures may differ in different species

Question 42

TF the limbs of a tetrapod are all homologous

Answer 42

T

Question 43

what are homologous structures

Answer 43

structures in different species that derive from a common ancestor

Question 44

what are vestegial structures

Answer 44

derive from common ancestor but have no apparent function in some species ex) hind legs of snakes

Question 45

what are analogous structures

Answer 45

species with similar adaptions (face similar selection pressure) but have no related lineage ex) bird wing vs insect wing

Question 46

TF although the wings of birds and bats are analogous structures - the bones that make up those wings are homologous

Answer 46

T

Question 47

what is convergent evolution

Answer 47

birds and bats evolving their ability to fly independently but due to similar selection pressures

Question 48

TF convergent evolution results in analogous structures

Answer 48

T