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Germany > Weimar Goverment > Flashcards

Weimar Goverment Flashcards

1
Q

When does kaiser Wilhelm ll abdicate and ww1 end

A

November 1918

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2
Q

What do the Spartasists do in January 1919

A

Challenge the Weimar Republic in the spartacist uprising

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3
Q

When was the treaty of Versailles signed

A

June 1919

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4
Q

When does the kapp putsch challenge the Weimar Republic

A

1920

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5
Q

When do the french occupy ruhr and Germany suffer from hyperinflation

A

1923

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6
Q

When were the reparation payment terms improved under the Dawes plan

A

1924

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7
Q

When did Germany Britain france Belgium Italy sign the Locarno pact

A

1925

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8
Q

When do Germans join the League of Nations

A

1926

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9
Q

What did Germany sign in 1928

A

Kellogg briand pact

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10
Q

When did the young plan reduce the reparation payments

A

1929

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11
Q

What is republic

A

A state in which the government is carried out by the people or their elected representatives. There is no monarch

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12
Q

What is constitution

A

The rules which set out how a country is run

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13
Q

What is reichstag

A

German state parliament

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14
Q

What is a chancellor

A

The leader of the government in Germany

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15
Q

What is Democratic

A

“Rule by the people” the people have a say in how the country is run

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16
Q

What is a scape goat

A

A person or group made to the the blame for others

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17
Q

What is the spartacists

A

A group of people who wanted to overthrow the Weimar gov and establish a communist state

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18
Q

What is censorship

A

Controlling what is produced and suppressing anything considered to be against the state

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19
Q

When was the second reich

A

1871 - 1914

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20
Q

What was leadership like under the second reich

A

Ruled by emperor - kaiser
Hereditary ruler + power - could choose to sack ministry
War + gory were important to him

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21
Q

What was the economy like under kaiser

A

Germany’s industrial development = fastest in the world
Between 1880 - 1913 coal production increased 400% + other industries (steel + chemicals) grew rapidly
In 30 year period Germany international trade X4

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22
Q

What was the military like under the second reich

A

Germany began to build own powerful navy in 20th century - competing with Gb navy
Between 1864 - 1871 military might of Prussia reorganised Central Europe
- defeated Austria + France (created German empire)

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23
Q

What was the human and financial cost of war

A

11 million Germany fought
- 2 mil died
- 4 mil wounded

Government debts - 50bil - 150bil

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24
Q

Impact of ww1 (food shortages)

A

British navy blocked German ports so food couldn’t get to Germany
750,000 Germans died due to food shortages

Farmers drafted ti army - by 1918 Germany produced 50% of milk amd 60% of meat which had been produced before the war
Winter 1916-17 potatoes supply ran out (civilians vulnerable -> disease)

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25
Q

Before 1914 who had little say in how Germany was run

A

Middle class and working class

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26
Q

What opposition was there after ww1

A

Political opposition groups
Working class and middle class opposition increased
Prince mar of baden formed a new government
German navy mutinied

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27
Q

How did the German navy muntinie after ww1

A

At Kiel port they refused to attack the British navy

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28
Q

What attitudes changed after ww1

A

War made Germans angry - looked for people to blame for defeat
In Munich 1918 workers declared a general strike + protested in the streets (announced separation for Germany)
Autumn 1918 - unrest spread - locals set up workers and soldier councils to take over cities
- kaiser lost control -

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29
Q

Who became the chancellor when the kaiser abdicated

A

Prince max

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30
Q

Why was it so important for ebert to get the army on side

A

So they could work with the gov. To keep the communists out of power

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31
Q

What was the purpose of the constituent assembly

A

To create a new constitution

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32
Q

What was the council of people’s representatives

A

The council would head the gov. Until a constitution is agreed

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33
Q

What is a constituent assembly

A

A group gathered to construct a constitution

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34
Q

Why did the kaiser have very little choice but to abdicate

A

Peace would not be signed with president Woodrow Wilson if kaiser was still in power
Germany navy started to refuse orders (lost support)
Unrest spread across Germany (strikes in Munich)

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35
Q

What Order did kaiser loose the support of and who

A

Gov.
Navy.
General public
Army

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36
Q

What is a coalition gov,

A

When no single party had a majority vote so others from different parts joined together

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37
Q

Why did there have to be a coalition in Germany

A

Social Democratic Party won 40% seets (not majority) and so had to form a coalition party with the centre part with 20%

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38
Q

Who became the first president of the Weimar Republic

A

Freidrch ebert of the sdp

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39
Q

Why was the constitution name it Weimar Republic

A

The constitution was agreed in Weimar

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40
Q

What did communists want after kaiser abdicated

A

A communist revolution

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41
Q

By November 1918 what had been set up in several towns such as Kiel and Munich

A

Councils supporting the communist

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42
Q

The moderates wanted to avoid a communist revolution and so what did ebert do

A

Worked to win over enough support to ensure Order was maintained long enough to set up the new republic

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43
Q

What agreement did ebert make with the general greener on November 10th 1918

A

For the army To restore order and keep the communists out of power

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44
Q

What did ebert promise Army officers in order for them to keep communists out of power
And what did the army want in power

A

They could keep there ranks
( didnt mean the army supported the Weimar Republic)
Many leader of the army wanted the kaiser to resurrect as there high status would be garuntted under him

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45
Q

How did ebert work to win over further support for the new giver by

A

Allowed civil servants and judicarys who had worked under kaiser to keep there jobs
Reassuring nationalist leader of industry that they could keep control of their businesses
Promising trade union that at an 8 hour Woking day would be introduced

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46
Q

What had most electors in Germany voted for in January 1919

A

Moderate democratic paties to avoid apparent alternative columnist revolution

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47
Q

2 democratic features of the Weimar constitution

A

President elected every 7 years
Men + women over 20 can vote

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48
Q

Undemocratic features of the Weimar constitution

A

President was supreme commander of the army
President could dismiss + call new elections
Article 48

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49
Q

Strengths of the Weimar Republic (who can vote)

A

Voting age reduced from 25 to 20
And women were able to vote on the same terms as men

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50
Q

Strengths of the Weimar Republic (reichstag election progress)

A

Elected under a system of proportional representation
Even small parties had a fair share of seets in reichstag

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51
Q

Strengths of the Weimar Republic (article 1)

A

Article one confirmed Germany was to be a democracy

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52
Q

Strengths of the Weimar Republic (power)

A

Constructed so no one group or person had too much power
(Laws could only be laws if the majority voted on them)

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53
Q

Strengths of the Weimar Republic (local government)

A

Local gov retained some power, each 18 regions of Germany (eg, Prussia) keep its own local parliament called land

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54
Q

Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic (article 48)

A

Article 48 said that in a crisis the president could pass a law without the support of the riechstag 
By 1930 the chancellor regularly relied on it asking the president for new laws not the reichstag.
Gave chancellor and president too much power

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55
Q

Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic ( coalition gov arguments)

A

There was 9 coalition governments between 1919 and 1923
Not a lot of political stability

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56
Q

Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic (proportional representation voting system)

A

Ment that governments could only form if several parties joined together .
So parties had to compromise and offer. Had a lack of clear strong policies
So they frequently fell apart and argued

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57
Q

Why did article 48 undermine the new democracy

A

The new democracy was about not giving anyone person all the power
But article 48 allows the president to have too much power.
The reichstag was elected to present views so avoiding asking is discarding democracy

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58
Q

What did Germany do in November 11th 1918

A

Signed the armistice treaty to end the war

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59
Q

How many citizens did Germany loose during the war

A

6 million

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60
Q

What happened on the 9th of November 1918 and why

A

Kaiser abdicated so peace could be signed

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61
Q

When was the treaty of Versailles signed

A

28th of June 1919

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62
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson have to guide negotiations

A

14 points
Eg, countries should have a right to self determination

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63
Q

What did demenceaul want and why

A

Wants to push for very harsh outcomes for Germany as ww1 effected France as mush battle happened there

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64
Q

Why were Germans upset and shocked at the peace Tracey

A

Much harsher than they anticipated

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65
Q

Why did Germany have to sign the peace treaty

A

I’d they didn’t they would go back war
And Germany was in no position to fight

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66
Q

What does article 231 say

A

The war guilt clause - says Germany to blame for ww1

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67
Q

What % of land did Germany loose as a part of the peace treaty

A

13%

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68
Q

What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of land

A

ALsace-Lorraine returned to France
Eupen and malmedy were lost to Belgium
The 11 German colonies in Africa and the Far East were given to victorious countries as mandates territories to look after
Posen + west Prussia lost to Poland (put million Germans under polish rule) - dived Germany in 2
Public votes taken in area to decide weather they should leave Germany (eg, upper Silesia joined poland)
German pet Danzig was made an international city (not governed by Germany)
The output of the rich Saar coalfields was also to fo to France for 15 years
Rhineland (German land which boarded France) - was demilitarised

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69
Q

What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of army

A

The army was limited to 100,000 men
The navy was limited to 6 battleships - no submarines were allowed
No Air Force allowed (existing airforce destroyed)
No tanks, armoured cars of heavy artillery were allowed

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70
Q

What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of money

A

Germany had to pay reparations to the allies - fixed at £6.6 billion
Cattle and sheep to be given to Belgium and France as reparations

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71
Q

What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of blame

A

Article 231 ( war guilt clause)
- Germany caused war

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72
Q

Why was Germany’s terms of the peace treaty a diktat

A

Most Germans assume that Germany would negotiate the terms but allies refused
The terms were impose not agreed they had 15 days to make comments but all concessions were refused

73
Q

What does dolchstoss mean

A

Stab in the back theory

74
Q

Why was the treaty of Versailles dolchstoss

A

The Germans didn’t belive the army had been defeated in the war
And they think that the army was betrayed by politicians
(Elbert believed this)

75
Q

Why couldn’t Germany start another war

A

ToV damaged German economy and imposed heavy reparations

76
Q

What were the November criminals

A

treaty was so hard of people they resented the leaders of the German republic who signed it
(Know as that as they surrendered in November 1918)

77
Q

Why was ToV bad for new government

A

Linked with defeat
Humiliation and weakness

78
Q

What did the extremes left groups want

A

Germans to be controlled by the people
Opposed capitalism
Wanted to abolish private ownership of land + businesses and put in hands of workers
Internationalists (stressed cooperation rather than independence of nations)

79
Q

Who was on the left extremist party and who was the main party in 1919

A

Communists
German communist party (KDP)

80
Q

Who was the main right extremist party in 1919

A

National party (DNVP)

81
Q

What did the extreme right wing groups want

A

A return to a strong government with a strong army and powerful leader
Supported capitalism (private ownership of land + businesses + law order and traditional values)
Placed interest of nation over the individual

82
Q

What % of seats did the extreme left wing (KDP) have in the Weimar Republic

A

20%

83
Q

What % of seats did the extreme right wing parties have in the Weimar Republic

A

20%

84
Q

What % of seats did the moderate parties have in National Assembly and in new reichstag

A

77%
45%

85
Q

Why did moderate parties struggle after the June 1920 elections

A

Struggled to form majority coalitions
Constantly attacks in reichstag by extremist politions

86
Q

Who were the challenges from the left (to the Weimar gov)

A

Spartacists

87
Q

When were the challenges from the left (to the Weimar gov)

A

Jan 1919

88
Q

Who were the challenges from the right (to the Weimar gov)

A

Kapp putsch

89
Q

When were the challenges from the right (to the Weimar gov)

A

March 1920

90
Q

Who led the radical communist group

A

Rosa Luxembourg + Karl liebknect

91
Q

In dec 1918 the spartacists demonstrations against gov. (Opposition) resulted in what and what happened in the same month

A

Death of 16 spartacists
Formed the German communist party

92
Q

Who was the KPD backed up by and how many members

A

Soviet Union
400,000 members

93
Q

Causes of the spartacists uprising

A

There was widespread discontent in Germany after war
Successive Bolsheviks revolution Inspired Spartacist to Bring communist revolution to Germany
Fourth of Jan Ebert sacked police chief in Berlin who is popular with workers
On the following day thousands of workers took to the streets in protest and Spartacist saw this as a chance for their uprising


94
Q

What were the events of the Spartacist uprising

A

Began the sixth of Jan 1919
In leguew ith thousands of workers
Occupied buildings organise strikes created workers councils


95
Q

How did the government deal with the Spartacist uprising

A

Government moved from Berlin to Weimar And a bit ordered regular army and Berlin freikorps to crush the uprising
Fully equipped with modern weaponry
Liebknecht was beaten and shot
Luxembourg was shot and dumped in a canal

96
Q

Why was the Spartacist uprising a challenge for the Weimar government

A

Spartacist had attempted to overthrow ebert and new government as it was being established
The government were reliant on the regular army (reichswehr) and the freikorps to maintain control ( The groups wanted to prevent communism but neither support of the new government)

97
Q

Who were the freikorps 

A

Parliamentary group form from the dembolise soldiers at the end of the world
They refused to give up weapons and uniforms
They were led by ex-army officers
Most of them were monarchists who wanted to save Germany from bolsheism even though they did not support the weimar republic

98
Q

What did the kapp putsch want

A

Went to Germany to have a strong army and industry
They looked back on the Kaiser governor with pride

99
Q

Causes of the kapp putsch uprising / plan

A

In March 1920 Weimar government announced measures to reduce size of army due to the treaty of Versailles and disband the freikorps there was uproar in Berlin and the Leader of the Berlin freikorps refused to comply
Working with Berlin politician Wolfgang Kapp had a plan to seize Berlin and form a new right-wing government
Gain support by promoting dolshtoss theory and emphasising severity of the treaty of Versallies
The army stationed in Berlin supported kapps plan

100
Q

Events of the kapp Putsch uprising

A

March 13 Wolfgang kapp that 5000 supporters into Berlin and seize capital
Government move to Stuttgart
Ebert ordered army to stop putsch - army refused to fire a fellow soldiers Ebert and scheidemann had to appeal to people (Told them to go on strike)
Strike brought capital to halt - No transport power water
Kapp Saw he failed left the country

101
Q

Consequences of the kapp putsch uprising

A

Kapp was hunted down and imprisoned and the rest of the rebels (+ 400 reichswehr oficers ) went unpunished 

102
Q

Why was the kapp putsch uprising a challenge for the Weimar gov

A

Uprising revealed Weimar gov To be weak as reichswerh had refused to follow their orders + so relied on people to help them
The lack of punishment for those involved also showed the right-wing leaning of many judges who are sympathetic to the right-wing cause
Judges is not acting in interest of moderate government

103
Q

Problems of the Weimar gov in 1919 - 22

A

Treaty of Versallies
Left + right with opposition
Debt from war
November criminals
constitution
relied on repression
lack of public enthusiasm
widespread discontent

104
Q

Examples of challenge of ongoing political violence 1919 - 23 

A

A week after kapp putsch began the communist uprising occurred and Ruhr the army killed hundreds in response 
March 1919 a Berlin rising was crushed killing over 1000 people
An estimated 376 murders in 1919 to 22
(Two of them were ministers - erzerbeger , rathenau). 354 of the murders were carried out by right-wing yet no right wingers were sentenced to death yet 10 left wingers were
This is because judges were sympathetic to the right-wing undermining governments authority




105
Q

What were the two major events of 1923

A

Germany failed to pay reparations
The French occupied rurh


106
Q

Why could Germany not pay reparations

A

World War I had lead to huge debts for Germany

107
Q

What reparations were Germany supposed to pay France and Belgium in December 201922

A

Coal

108
Q

Why couldn’t Germany pay France and Belgium their coal as reparations and what was Frances responses

A

Germany economy will shatter
France didnt belive them

109
Q

What percent of all of Germany’s coal was contained in rurh 

A

80%

110
Q

What do French and Belgian troops confiscate in rurh

A

Coal and machinery

111
Q

What were Germans response to the French’s occupation of rurh

A

Couldn’t fight back as it’s limited to 100,000 army and they were used elsewhere across Germany
So Germany asked workers to go on strike in rurh so it’s harder on the French extract goods (passive resistance)

112
Q

What was the Frenches response to those workers who were on strike in Rurh 

A

They were arrested and French brought in their own workers

113
Q

What happened to Germany as a result of Germany being angry with France

A

They were united
Over 100 strikers shot be french + workers were seen as hero’s

114
Q

What were the results of the French occupation of ruhr

A

Unemployment increased
Good shortages - Therefore inflation prices increases faster than wages
Government then receive less tax so they printed money

115
Q

What was the vicious cycle of inflation

A

Unemployment goes up
Taxis go down
Government gets less tax
Print more money
Money loses value
Prices increase
Sack workers to save money
Unemployment increases

116
Q

What is hyperinflation

A

Money loses All value 

117
Q

Hyperinflation stamp example

A

In 1919 one stamp = one mark
1 mark = 1 gold coin
(More money printed
20 marks = 1/20 gold coins (more marks but no more gold in the banks)
So

1 stamp = 20 makes
By 1923
1 stamp = 22 million marks

118
Q

Who was hyperinflation positive for + why

A

Farmers - could raise prices of needed food as there were food shortages
People in debt - easier to pay of
Foreigners - could exchange dollars / pounds for millions of marks + afford things Germans could not

119
Q

Who was Hyperinflation a negative for + why

A

Everyone - suffered from shortages (foreign supplies refused marks as they were worthless)
People with savings - money saved up became pointless
People with fixed incomes - income didn’t increase with prices
Working class - wages struggled to keep up with rising prices
Weimar gov- uprisings (groups saw chance to take power)

120
Q

What uprisings were there as a result of hyperinflation + did they fail?

A

Groups saw it as chance to take power from the government
Communists took over parts of Germany including Saxony and Rhinelamd 
Nazis attempted a putsch in munich
failed - Due to government force and lack of public support

121
Q

3 reasons for Germany’s economic recovery

A

The rentenmark
Dawes plan + us loans
Young plan

122
Q

What economic problem was the rentenmark in response to

A

Hyperinflation

123
Q

What economic problem was the Dawes plan and us loans in response to

A

Couldn’t afford to pay reparations

124
Q

What economic problem was the young plan in response to

A

German gov regularly complained about level of payments

125
Q

Stresemanns response to hyperinflation

A

In September he ended the strike in Rhur
Introduced a temporary currency called Rentenmark
It was issued in limited amounts and was based on property values rather than gold reserves
Rentenmark was converted to reichmark and new currency now backed by gold reserve

126
Q

What was stresseman’s response to not being able to afford to pay reparations

A

Agreed with the US Vice President Charles Daws
(Dawes plan/us loans)
Reduced amount to pay for the first five years
USA would give loans to Germany
13,000 million loan over 6 years

127
Q

What was the young plan

A

Payment figure reduced form 6.6 billion to 1.85 billion
And now had 59 years to pay with average of 2.05 bill marks a year

128
Q

What was the resulting economic improvements of the Rentenmark

A

An end to hyperinflation -gov could stop printing money To pay the strikers and the Rentenmark introduced giving the currency value again
Confident restored in German currency- Germans were spending money again + foreign countries would trade again -> less shortages 

129
Q

What was the resulting economic improvements of the Dawes plan and us loans

A

Reparations were less of a burden- could pay back in smaller amounts to allow enconomy to recover - us loans helped payment too
The US loans supported German industry - loans used to fund public work schemes + support business -> creating jobs
Industrial growth increased governments income

130
Q

What was the resulting economic improvements of the young plan

A

Reparations were less of a burden - had less and longer to pay
Lower reparation payments meant lower taxes - government could reduce taxes which increased people spending and stimulate further economic growth

131
Q

Success of Germans economic recovery

A

Initial fall in Unemployment
Workers - wages increased, state arbitration ment less strikes
Industry - production x2 - surpassed pre war levels -> more jobs + trade as result - gov income from tax inc
Public work schemes - us loans funded them - more Jobs

132
Q

Limitations of Germans economic recovery

A

Reliance on us loans - recovery depended on loans wich could be withdrawn at a any time
Right- wing - opposition to stresemanns economic policies (eg hitler who criticised further payments of reparations - throught they shouldn’t be payed at all + extended payments to 1988 only passed burden of ToV to next generation)
Lower middle class - occupations (eg, skilled crafts men) felt ignored from gov who mainly focused on big businesses
Farming - needed to modernise to compete with foreign markets + effected by worldwide depression in agriculture ( agriculture didn’t return to pre war levels )

133
Q

What is the League of Nations

A

The international body established after ww1 in order to maintain peace

134
Q

What does Parian mean

A

Out cast

135
Q

Why did streseman want to do the Locarno pact

A

To improve the relationships with France + Britain - restore Germany’s international presteig
+ gain cooperation in reducing ToV

136
Q

What did the Locarno pact agree

A

Keep exsustinf borders between Germany and Belgium / France
Marked Germany’s return to the European international scene and began a period of peace between Germany and France in Britain

137
Q

When did Germany receive a permanent seat on the council of League of Nations

A

September 1926

138
Q

What was the significance of Germany joining the league of Nations

A

Confirm Germany’s return to great power and status and gained prestige streseman and brought around the young plan by using their position

139
Q

What was the Kellogg - Brian’s pact

A

Agreed they will keep their armies for self defence and solve all international disputes peacefully

140
Q

Significance of Germans involvement in the Kellogg - Briand pact

A

Confirm Germany is one of the leading nations

141
Q

How did foreign Policy achievement support Germany’s economic recovery

A

The amount of reparations was reduced and a timescale was set 

142
Q

What happened in 1927 as a result of improved relations with Britain + France 

A

Allied troops withdrew from the West Bank of Rhine ( 5 years before schedule)
Showed relaxation of treaty of Versallies + inc moral at home + booted stesemanns popularity 

143
Q

What was stresemanns main objective

A

To make political situation in Germany more stable
He hoped by stabilising economy and re-gaining respect for Germany in foreign affairs Germany would feel more confident in the weimar republic

144
Q

In 1924 to 29 what happened to the support for partiesThat supported the Weimar public

A

Increased and there was less support for extremist groups such as the Nazis because of the economic recovery and success abroad

145
Q

What two key personalities was political stability due to

A

Stresemann + paul von Hindenburg 

146
Q

When Frederick Ebert Died in 1925 who was replaced as president of the republic

A

Hindenburg

147
Q

Why with Hindenburg as president was the Weimar republic stronger

A

Because ebert was associated with dolshtoss and Weimars unpopular start
But Hindenburg had been one of Germany’s war heroes between 1914-1918

148
Q

How was the middle class affected in 1924 to 29

A

Even though unemployment fell Generally remained high among lawyers and teachers ect
The changes in real wages had little benefit to the middle-class many who had been bankrupt in hyperinflation
They didn’t get rise in wages and couldn’t claim any benefits on the welfare state
April 1928- Almost 184,000 middle-class workers were seeking employment and almost half didny qualify for unemployment relief

149
Q

Did workers benefit from the increase in values in real wages and how

A

Benefited
1928 increased real wages over 10%
Germany was the best paid workers in Europe

150
Q

How did the Weimar government attempt to deal with the critical shortage of housing in 1924 to 29

A

They employed architects + planners to reduce housing shortages, government investments ,tax breaks ,loans were used to build new houses

151
Q

From 1924 to 1931How many new homes were built and how many more renovated or expanded

A

2 mil built
200,000 renovated or expanded

152
Q

By 1929 the state Was spending how many more times money on housing then in 1913

A

33x

153
Q

By 1928 what percent had homelessness being reduced bye

A

60%

154
Q

What unemployment insurance was there in 1924 to 29

A

Weimar republic - Unemployment insurance law 1927 - Required workers and employees to make contributions to a national scheme for unemployment welfare

Other reforms provided benefits and assistance to war veterans and wives dependent on war dead, single mothers , disabled

1880 German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduces a series of reforms which help the Ill and the old including health accident and illness insurance schemes

155
Q

Did education improved from 1924 to 29 

A

More young people met aspirations
the number of students in higher education before World War I was 70,000 1928 it increased to 110,000.

156
Q

How did receive war veterans help under the 1920 reich pensioner law

A

Pensions with paid throughout nineteen twenties to 750,000 war veterans 400,000 will widows £200,000 parents of dead service men 

157
Q

By 1926 how many women deputies were in Reichstag

A

32
This was a higher proportion than the number in Britain and USA

158
Q

What legal rights did women have in 1924 to 29

A

Weimar constitution introduced equality in education for women
women over 20 were given the vote and took increasing interest in politics
there was an equal opportunity in civil service appointments and equal pay in professions
Weimar elections - women votes was 90% by 1932 to 112 women were elected in Reichstag (10% female8

159
Q

What new areas were women employed in 1924 to 29

A

By 1933 there were 100,000 women teachers and 3000 doctors
Growing number of women in new areas of employment most in public employment such as civil services teaching and social work

160
Q

What was the number of women in work like in 1924 to 29

A

Portion of women who took up work outside Home remained the same during Wiemer
But there was a growing number in new areas

161
Q

What was the attitudes of women in employment in 1924 to 29

A

Issues on type of woman suitable for such work
despite the large number of women working ‘men’ jobs during war
after war jobs were taken back by men
married women who worked were criticise for working

162
Q

What is increased for some women especially young unmarried working women living in cities

A

The 20s brought greater financial independence and growing up during the war meant greater social independence

163
Q

Who were new women (1924-29)

A

Bought clothes and went out more
Expressed independence by behaviour
Wore short hair and more make up and jewellery and revealing clothes
Drink and smoke
Some seem less interested in marriage and families

164
Q

Who was the ‘new women’ not popular with

A

Mainly men
And some woman
Believed growing independence of women threaten traditional values e.g. motherhood


165
Q

How did the birth rate change in 1913 to 1925 to show that women were less interested in motherhood

A

1913- 128 live births per 1000 women
1925 - fallen to 80

166
Q

What were the three reasons for cultural growth in the 1920s

A

Kaiser gone ment no censorship
Weimar constitution lead to freedom of speech
1924+ economic recovery lead to funding for culture

167
Q

What three new aspects in culture was there in the 20s

A

New objectivism - Show real life in art (eg. Poverty)
Modernism - show future eg. Technology
Expressionism -  artists expressing themselves

168
Q

Why did the new aspects in culture spread

A

Government support - Grants to support galleries theatres museums libraries
The Bauhaus movement - Bauhaus design college develop style of design influencing art powerhouse style stressed beauty and technology simple lines and careful craftsmanship
(so inspiring and encouraging new style)

169
Q

What opposition was there from the left-wing to the cultural changes in the Weimar Germany

A

They said that the funding should’ve been spent on working people (or gone to people who need it)

170
Q

What opposition was there from the right wing to the cultural changes in Weimar Germany 

A

They said changes undermined traditional values

171
Q

2 examples of art in weimars golden age

A

George groszes painting great day 1921
Shows people bored with there day to day lives. A disabled soldier from ww1 and a man showing support for the kaiser as is wearing there badge

Otto Dix painting shows harsh life for war veterans + falling standards of behaviour in Germany night life during Weimar Republic (expressionist style)

172
Q

How did rhe painting ‘grey day’ show cultural change

A

The painting uses the new style of expressionism a new objectivism as its grosses view on how life rll was
Shows no censorship as the subject of the painting was very negative and even feature right wing opponent of the Weimar Republic 

173
Q

How did rhe painting of Otto Dix show cultural change

A

About a negative topic so shows no censorship + freedom to paint anything

174
Q

One example of architecture during Weimar golden age

A

Mendelssohn
Designed Einstein tower (observatory in Potsdam)
Designed in a futuristic way to look like a rocket

175
Q

How did the architecture of the Einstein toewer ’ show cultural change

A

Shows modernism
Rockets were a modern idea

176
Q

One example of cinema in germanys golden era

A

German film
Cabinet of dr Calgari (first horror film)

177
Q

How did the film ‘cabinet of dr calgari’ show cultural change

A

Film had underlying anti war + anti military messages
Shower no censorship from government

178
Q

One example of literature from Germany’s golden age

A

Left winger Erich Remarque
Wrote an anti war Novel
Called all quite on the western front

179
Q

How did the novel ‘all quite on the western front’ show cultural change

A

The book describes horror of ww1 so shows no censorship as they were presenting Lows of Germany also it was written by a left winger (opposed gov)

Germany (4 decks)

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