WHAP Quarter 3

Question 1

Parliament gets its powers from this document written in 1215. The document also states that the king and his government were not exempt from the law.

Answer 1

Magna Carta

Question 2

The king can call this group for a session. He usually does this to gain permission from the _____________ to raise taxes or change taxes in some way. It is (traditionally) required for the king to ask permission from them to change taxes; this leads into problems later on. In the Middle Ages it is split into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Answer 2

Parliament

Question 3

A War in English fought in the 1640s between the Royalists (those who favored the king, Charles I at the time) and the Parliamentarians (those in support of the parliament getting more power). Parliamentarians would win but the struggle of power would continue on for many decades.

Answer 3

English Civil War

Question 4

Also called the revolution of 1688. A revolution where King James II of England was overthrown by the Parliament due to political and religious conflicts; James had close ties with France, dislike of Parliament, and loyalty to Catholicism eventually resulted him being kicked from the throne.

Answer 4

Glorious Revolution

Question 5

The concept that the government’s authority and control is determined by a written constitution. This is a way to limit the government’s powers.

Answer 5

Constitutionalism

Question 6

Britain interacted and supervised the colonies to an extremely limited degree during the 18th century (it was going through revolutions and drastic change). During this time, the colonies develop their own forms of government and taxation systems. Trade regulations were minimal.

Answer 6

Salutary Neglect

Question 7

Political system where a state is organized as a republic; people can vote for the leaders they want.

Answer 7

Republicanism

Question 8

A war between France and Britain in North America. The conflict was primarily near the territories French and English colonies with aid from Native Americans on either side of battlefield. Although Britain does end up winning, the war put Britain in massive debt (because they stationed soldier in the colonies, turns out that’s pretty expensive) and they imposed taxes on the colonies to recover economically. The colonies were not massive fans of this and may or may not have started a revolution.

Answer 8

French and Indian/Seven Years War

Question 9

Boston, the antitax protest hub of the colonies, was naturally subject to conflict as a result. English soldiers were placed in the city to keep the city in check. On March 5th 1770, American colonists agitated the soldiers (possibly) and they shot at them, killing 5 of them. One of the first violent sparks of the American Revolution.

Answer 9

Boston Massacre

Question 10

Background: The East India Company (despite being richest company in the world at time) constantly asks the English government to place taxes on the colonies for tea (the company is in debt because of leveraging money). This is a monopoly for them.

On 16th December 1773, Americans throw tea out into the ocean in Boston as a type of revolt against the governments heavy taxing. The English government is furious because the tea is extremely valuable, so parliament responds by closing the Boston port. This makes the Americans angrier. A spark to the American Revolution.

Answer 10

Boston Tea Party

Question 11

By around 1775, there were full fledged battles against the Americans and British. While these battles were going on, this organization was formed (May 1774) with intent to find out what needs to be done and what independence would look like. The organization also creates a coherent war plan; George Washington is elected as the military general. For a year, they Americans don’t fully know what exactly what they are fighting for. It is not until the second time this organization gets together that they make the Declaration of Independence do they know at they are fighting for.

Answer 11

Continental Congress (1st/2nd)

Question 12

The Second Continental Congress made this document to announce their separation from Britain (July 4th 1776). This allowed the Americans to recognize what they were fighting for and establish national identity.

Answer 12

American Declaration of Independence

Question 13

A compound system of government where the same territory can be controlled by 2 levels of government: a regional one and a general one (ex. state governments and the national government)

Answer 13

Federalism

Question 14

This document guarantees 10 initial freedoms to Americans (out of a proposed 12). Shared many aspects with the English Bill of Rights.

Answer 14

American Bill of Rights

Question 15

The term used to describe American mothers educating their sons about being good citizens and voting so that they grow up to be good American adults. Men thought why were being inclusive by allowing for women to do this because it was an important job.

Answer 15

Republican Motherhood

Question 16

To solve the debate surrounding the representation of slaves in the House of Representatives (because slave states thought it was unfair for slaves to not count as citizens because they would get less representation), a settlement was made. Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person to make both slave and non-slave states happy.

Answer 16

Three-fifths compromise

Question 17

The revolutionary urban poor of the French Revolution that fight to lower bread prices and take over the government. During the aftermath of the terror, these people still have the intent to take over the government since bread prices are high and they are generally unhappy. A standoff happens between them and the government leaders in which they lose and their leaders are executed (following this is the establishment of the directory).

Answer 17

sans-culottes

Question 18

Accounted for about 26 million people in pre-revolution France. This section of population was made up two subsections:

1. The Bourgeoise (2 mil): Rich business owners, doctors, landlords, etc. Often were part of guilds. They were unhappy that they were in the same section as the urban poor (see below) and therefore bought noble titles from the Second Estate. This was an economical oversight because this is a way to buy yourself out of taxes.
2. The Urban Poor (24 mil): Barely scraping by and need to constantly find sources of income; doing some form of wage labor in urban cities. Spend 65% of their income just on food (because food costed a lot and because they were poor)

Answer 18

Third Estate

Question 19

This city housed the place of King Louis XVI and the French Monarchy. This made the city the main hub of the French Revolution.

Answer 19

Versailles

Question 20

After King Louis XVI was thrown out of authority, radical powers (Robespierre) took over. To ensure that the revolution went smoothly, people suspected of being against the revolution were executed. It was brutal that rivers were contaminated and there was a constant odor of blood. There was an excess amount of killing.; most of the people who die are in the Third Estate. Dechristianization is also occurring during this period of the revolution, but Robespierre is against it because it would mean the loss of control. In the end this government crumbles because it can’t keep executing people.

Answer 20

The Terror

Question 21

People who are against the revolution and want to back to a status quo that once existed. For example, after the events of the French Revolutions, Royalists wanted to have a king rule again instead of the new system that had been adopted.

Answer 21

Reactionary

Question 22

The Directory gives power to this man and they like him so much that they make him Emperor of France. A talented military mind and incredibly ambitious. He takes over a good potion of Europe (and other places with less success such as Egypt) and it extremely powerful because he has much of France supporting him. He still abides by the constitution because he is a French revolutionary and builds up a sense of nationalism for the people.

Answer 22

Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 23

Revolutions created the sense of _______ which makes a region/country more coherent and connected. It is not so much connected to the government of a state as it is the absorption of language and culture.

An example of this is Napoleon Bonaparte naming himself the “Emperor of the French” and taking control of Europe alongside the state. The French feel a lot more unified because they have something in common. Even those who getting taken over develop a sense of French ______ because they are absorbing the language and culture.

Answer 23

Nation/Nationalism/Nationality

Question 24

There are 28,000 of these people according to the 1789 Census. These are people of color or mixed race who are not enslaved. The mixed race people were generally pretty wealthy and often owned plantations and slaves of their own.

This is very much abnormal and unique to Haitian culture. When slave owner and their slaves have children, they usually become slaves or are not wealthy at all. In Haiti however, they are cared for and given property of their own.

Haiti still has many laws that heavily restrict their freedoms and are purposefully made to anger and embarrass them.

Answer 24

Gens de Couleur

Question 25

Incredibly wealthy whites that owned plantations and thousands of slaves. They contrasted the the other part of the 31,000 whites, the Petit Blancs, who were barely afloat economically. This is really similar to how the Third Estate in France was split up.

Answer 25

Grand Blanc

Question 26

The phrase that was initially used for the French Revolution that then had carried over to the people of Haiti. The French Revolution's influence would inevitably reach its colonies. The slaves used this phrase for the uprising and revolt to achieve liberty. Gens De Couleur saw the opportunity to be racially accepted and eradicate the oppressive laws Haiti had. Grand Blancs wanted interpreted this phrase as gaining independence (like the rich people in the United States had) and breaking the ties of mercantilism that suppressed them. The phrase was being interpreted completely differently by all the people in Haiti and shows how they all had different goals in mind.

Answer 26

Liberté, égalité, fraternité

Question 27

An ambitious (but not radical) military general that kicks out Spain and England who were trying to take over Haiti at the time. Makes no room for political competition. He abolishes slavery writes the Constitution in 1801. He wants to retain strong ties with France and not become independent nation. His vision is to retain the diversity and the status quo with the exception of slavery. He gets captured by Napoleon and dies in prison in France.

Answer 27

Toussaint Louverture

Question 28

War from 1808 to 1814 that was fought on the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon takes over Portugal and makes his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, the king of Spain. British forces make Napoleon withdraw his army from Spain after the British victory at the Battle of Victoria. The Spanish king, Ferdinand VII, is reinstalled (source: Britannica).

Answer 28

Peninsular War

Question 29

Often considered the father of Mexican Independence. A priest who is well versed in Enlightenment ideas and connected with other Creoles. After the members of the Querétaro Conspiracy are caught and he isn't, he starts the Mexican War of Independence. Since he has no military experience, the revolutionaries are swiftly stopped and he is arrested and executed.

Answer 29

Fr. Miguel Hidalgo

Question 30

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence - Wikipedia Start of the Mexican Revolution.

Answer 30

Grito de Dolores

Question 31

Another Roman Catholic priest who led copycat revolutions after Fr. Miguel Hidalgo was executed, some of which were successful.

Answer 31

Fr. Jose Maria Morelos

Question 32

Spain creates its own constitution (rip, it's in the first 5 words) that make it a constitution monarchy. Since this is after Napoleon withdraws the French from Spain, the country gets their act together and can much easily stop revolutionaries in their colonies. They manage to kill Maria Morelos and slow down the revolution in Mexico because of this. The constitution is also supposed to give more freedom to the colonies (to make revolutions less likely), but it's not applied very well and there is still tensions between Spanish authority and colonial authority.

Answer 32

Spanish Constitution of 1812

Question 33

Is in control of the Mexican revolutionaries when Iturbide and his army arrive in Mexico. He is interested in retaining the racial and social diversity of Mexico.

Answer 33

Vicente Guerrero

Question 34

A political proposal leading to the establishment of a federal republic in Mexico - Encyclopedia.com Instead of having Mexico be under the monarchy of Agustín de Iturbide, a republic would be formed.

Answer 34

Plan of Casa Mata

Question 35

A slave revolt broke out in the city of Coro in Venezuela in May 10, 1795. Resulted in the destruction of many plantations. José Leonardo Chirino was the leader of this slave uprising. The revolt ended up failing.

Answer 35

Coro revolt

Question 36

A Creoles that liked enlightenment ideas and is well educated and well-versed as a military leader. It is thought that he travelled to Europe and met Napoleon, which he was both inspired and repulsed from (could just be a myth).Comes from Venezuela but is involved in revolutions all across North and South America and is called "the Liberator".

Answer 36

Simon Bolivar

Question 37

Initially, South America tried to all combine into one nation built from many colonies much like the United States had. ____ _______ was formed with the intention to unify and expand as one state. Bolivar is the first president of this state. The state ended up breaking up; a common belief is that this was caused by regionalism.

Answer 37

Gran Colombia

Question 38

Fundamental document of the French Revolution that granted civil rights to some commoners. The rights given are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. Creates a government that is more responsive to the people, led to the the French Constitution which created a constitutional monarchy.

Answer 38

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Question 39

The Carta de Jamaica was a document written by Simón Bolívar in Jamaica in 1815 for Henry Cullen (an Englishman who was interested with the Latin American revolutions that Bolivar led). In it he describes the dedication he has for the revolution and the success the Americas had in gaining liberty. He describes in the book that he wants Spanish South America to be one unified country.

Answer 39

Carta de Jamaica

Question 40

Revolution that marked the shift from a agricultural economy to one dominated by factories and machinery; goods became a lot easier to produce during this time.

Answer 40

Industrial Revolution

Question 41

A revolution that started in the early 1700's that resulted in shifts in the technology and methods used in agriculture. First happened in Britain. Seed drills and crop rotation are examples of new methods/tech. Also resulted in private land ownership, essential to start a capitalist economy and industrial revolution.

Answer 41

Agricultural Revolution

Question 42

Invention by James Watt in 1765. Provided a way to harness coal power to create steam which generated energy for various factories.

Answer 42

Steam Engine

Question 43

In Preindustrial societies, this 'industry' would produce textiles in individual societies. The markets (usually the communities of the seller) would be small and the production slow. Although grueling labor was not needed, the production was not efficient when done by hand. After new technologies like the spinning jenny and water frame were introduced, textiles could be produced at a much larger scale in this industry.

Answer 43

Cottage Industry

Question 44

A method introduced in the Industrial Revolution to mass produce steel. Involved blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out carbon and other impurities and create steel. Steel was incredibly important during the revolution for infrastructure, technology, and factories.

Answer 44

Bessemer Process

Question 45

An assembly of the European nations with the goal of restoring the political and social intuitions before Napoleon's reign over Europe. Napoleon had drastically changed the borders of nations and the overall landscape of Europe; this conservative overtaking resulted in France, Spain, and Netherlands reinstating old monarchies.

Answer 45

Congress of Vienna

Question 46

The greatest threat to preserving the status quo and classical conservative order. The concept of creating a sense of nationality within a population because of a common religion, language, culture, interests, etc. Resulted in the fragmentation of bigger states, unification of new ones (Greece, Germany, Italy), and revolutions (Haitian and American revolutions).

Answer 46

Nationalism

Question 47

A racist notion that white people have the duty to spread civilization and their religion to nonwhite populations who were considered to be less sophisticated, developed, and/or civilized.

Answer 47

White Man's Burden

Question 48

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was broken into multiple kingdoms, the largest of which was the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. The new prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Count Cavour, allied with France to defeat Austria and gain more land for what would become Italy. Through political negotiation and nationalism, a state was consolidated.

Answer 48

Italian Unification

Question 49

After the Congress of Vienna, the region of Germany was over 30 separate states that were loosely connected by the German Confederation alliance and was under Austria's control. In 1862, Otto Von Bismarck became the prime minster of Prussia by the Prussian king, Wilhelm I. Bismarck fought the Austrians and won, resulting in Prussia gaining more territory. After defeating France in a war that was triggered by cleverly agitating French nationalists with the media, Germany consolidated.

Answer 49

German Unification

Question 50

Policy which limited government interference in the economic activities of individuals and businesses. Government wealth could still be accumulated; still compatible. This was a liberal undertaking, but did not result in an equal playing field. Those who were already wealthy could become wealthier and those who were poor struggled to accumulate wealth. This policy also required more labor, which sparked labor unions (child labor also rose dramatically). Captains of Industry/Robber Barons were extremely wealthy people that got richer in their respective industry because of market dominance due to capitalist polices. Called "robbers" because they got money from other people's work.

Answer 50

Laissez-faire

Question 51

Group of laborers who would collectively bargain to get paid more, get better working conditions, and create greater social change for all of society by quitting their jobs and protesting. The "8 Hour Workday" was used as political propaganda to endorse that a laborer's day should consist of 8 hours of rest, 8 hours of work, and 8 hours to do whatever they want; wanted to work less.

Answer 51

Labor Unions

Question 52

A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. This is similar to nationalism in the sense that it has centralized goals. The goal is to unify class so that there would be no captains of industry and there would be aligned political interest.

Answer 52

Socialism

Question 53

_______ is a philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic order structured upon the ideas of common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state. - Wikipedia Endorsed by Karl Marx and Frederich Engles in Manifesto of the Communist Party. Would result in the abolition of private property, equal distribution of goods, and the rule of majority. Believed that class inherently produces conflicts.

Answer 53

Communism

Question 54

The reason the Western European countries became so wealthy and create global empire was because of industrialization. Since England experienced it first (due to structural causes), the countries who were culturally and geographically close would inevitably face industrialization sooner, which would lead to them having an advantage.

Answer 54

Great Divergence

Question 55

A cage where in which potential successors to the Sultan were kept in to avoid royal families being massacred by a heir. Heirs were kept in ____ to avoid conflict which could quickly escalate (like a civil war).

Answer 55

Kafes

Question 56

The oldest heir to the throne becomes the Sultan after the current Sultan dies in the Ottoman Empire. The rule makes the transition a lot more peaceful than before. This makes the empire a lot more mature and less militaristic, which makes it less prone to radical changes. However, this led the empire to have a conservatism perspective and were not able to adapt to industrialization. The Ottoman empire starts breaking up after 1683 (greatest extent of the empire) into different states since nationalism was strong in some areas.

Answer 56

Rule of Elderness

Question 57

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire during the Industrial Revolution in an attempt to adapt to the changing landscape in the world. The goal was to let industrialization happen and opposed traditional values. The reforms ultimately failed at modernizing the empire because of internal conflicts (for example the Janissaries not wanting changes and revolting, and so the government got rid of them). TL;DR: The purpose of these reforms were to remove power from the religious elite so that the Ottoman Empire to adapt to industrialization.

Answer 57

Tanzimat

Question 58

War from 1852-1856 in which an alliance between Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire, Sardinia (and maybe more lol) fought in and near. Crimea (modern-day Ukraine) against Russia. The alliance won because they had a modernized military because of industrialization (which Russia did not go through at the time). The war was fought to prevent Russia from expanding in East Europe and Middle East; the alliance did not want Russia to control Palestine.

Answer 58

Crimean War

Question 59

Social, political, and governmental reforms in mid 19th century carried out by Tsar Alexander II of Russia (because he wanted to become a popular and beloved leader) in an attempt to modernize. Serfdom is abolished, local governments form, there are small-scale elections, and some minor overall government reforms. The media had less censorship as well during this period.

Answer 59

Age of Great Reforms

Question 60

Railway that started being constructed in 1891 under the rule of Alexander III of Russia that connected the Eastern part of Russia with the Western coast; massive feat of industrialization.

Answer 60

Trans-siberian railroad

Question 61

Policy of extending control over foreign entities through either indirect or direct political or economic intervention. Functionally the colonialism in the age of industrialization (19th-20th century). ________ was done for economic motivations by creating markets in the territories they control and provides raw materials for industrialization. Also had a desire to spread Christianity. ________ justified conquering other places via racist beliefs like scientific racism.

Answer 61

Imperialism

Question 62

System in which a state claims sovereignty over territories and resources beyond its domestic border, displacing or ruling its native population (15th-18th century).

Answer 62

Colonialism

Question 63

Using Darwin's theory of evolution to fuel racist beliefs. A primary belief was that the size and shape of someone's skull determined their intelligence and superiority. This was used as justification for other racist ideas and imperialist behavior.

Answer 63

Social Darwinism

Question 64

When gunboats led by Matthew Perry (from the US) asked for Japan to open its borders for trade, a political upheaval occurred against the Tokugawa government. A war between conservatism and reformation happens. After the political takeover in Japan which led to the Tokugawa Shoguns' downfall, Mutsuhito (Meiji), the emperor, becomes ruler of Japan. After a long period of Sakoku policy, ideas from the outside which allowed for industrialization to happen during the period 1868-1912. The Japanese imitated the ideas of the Westerners but still kept traditions. During this time, Japan also engaged in imperialism.

Answer 64

Meiji Restoration

Question 65

During the Tokugawa rule of Japan, this policy closed Japan's borders to outside influence which led to less technology and trade going in and out. This was done due to the belief that the outside would pollute the country and cause conflict; it wanted to maintain traditions.

Answer 65

Sakoku

Question 66

After Emperor Meiji was placed into power, a document was made in 1868 to outline Japan's plan to modernize. The 5 aims are: - to make Japan more democratic - class equality - these classes can have a "pursuit of happiness"; more freedoms - traditional values deemed "evil" need to abolished - knowledge from the outside need to be accepted

Answer 66

Charter Oath

Question 67

Series of reforms in China in the late 19th century with the goal of modernizing. The main goal was to advance the military to ward off external and internal pressure. Skilled artisans were taught how to make ships for militaristic use. Industrial and agricultural sectors were improved to maintain economic solvency. While they were modernizing, they still wanted to stick with Confucianist ideals .

Answer 67

Self-strengthening movement

Question 68

A Chinese conservative woman who opposed the reforms in China aimed at modernity. In order to protect traditional government systems, she led a coup which resulted in the emperor being imprisoned and eradication of the reforms that had been made. She also became empress, and under her rule she restrained technology that has foreign influences (like railroad and telegraphs) and endorsed the Boxer Revolution. She also ended up removing the Civil Service exam near the end of her rule, but by then it had been too late and her legitimacy had degraded far too much.

Answer 68

Ci Xi

Question 69

Between 1899 and 1901, an anti-imperialist group called the Boxers were attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries. Empress Ci Xi encouraged the attacks (because she did not like any sort of foreign influence) and ordered that all foreigners be killed. However, 100,000 Chinese Christians ended up dying and only around 250 foreigners. This destroyed the reputation of the Empress and Qing court.

Answer 69

Boxer Rebellion

Question 70

Also called the Sepoy Mutiny. After the British started using a mixture of cow and pig fat for their rifle cartilages, Muslims and Hindus in India were enraged. They thought it was an attempt to convert them to Christianity, so a violent rebellion was sparked and spread across the country quickly. However, it was crushed by the British and thousands were killed. The rebellion did establish a strong sense of nationality for the people which would eventually lead to independence.

Answer 70

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Question 71

An Indian soldier serving under British rule. Were often Hindu or Muslim.

Answer 71

Sepoy

Question 72

British colonial government in India that ruled from 1858 to 1947 that took orders directly from the British government from London. The government was instituted to have more direct control over India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Answer 72

Raj

Question 73

After the Mali Empire grew, expanded, decayed, and fell, the Songhai Empire took its place. Like the Mali Empire, it engaged in the gold and salt trade in the West and was predominantly Muslim.

Answer 73

Songhai Empire

Question 74

Western state in Africa that is close to Portugal and is the birthplace of the Transatlantic slave trade. Portuguese keep trying to control the state until the 1800's but keep failing. The economy, while being somewhat dependent on slaves, still was extremely diverse and complex and its extent very great.

Answer 74

Kingdom of the Kongo

Question 75

An extremely important West African export (primarily Niger) that was used for food products, lubrication of industrial machines, soap, and candles

Answer 75

Palm Oil

Question 76

When the Ottomans controlled Egypt, they appoint him (who comes from Algeria) to become the viceroy to avoid nationalism (they take people from the other side of the empire to do so, since they have different interests). He see's Egypt's potential in becoming an industrialist empire. Leads the country to independence. After that, he starts a textile industry in the country because of its abundance of cotton. He establishes closer ties with Britain.

Answer 76

Muhammed Ali

Question 77

A canal that would connect the Mediterranean sea with the Red Sea. The canal could be built once industrialization had started because newer technologies made the process doable and efficient. Egypt needs outside investors for the project so 60% of the canal ends up being owned by shareholders (France and Britain) and 40% to the Egyptian government. Since Egypt is in debt at the time, it sells the canal to Britain. The country is unstable so Britain sends soldiers to guide the Egyptian government; although the country is independent, it is massively influenced by Britain (imperialism).

Answer 77

Suez Canal

Question 78

The King of Belgium. He wanted to increase the extent of Belgium so he hires Stanley to engage with African leaders and tells (and threatens) them to sign documents that would result in ________"owning" those parts of Africa. _______ creates a massive rubber plantation in Congo Free State. He genuinely thinks he's doing good because he's "bringing civilization and knowledge" to Africans. He's so terrible that he becomes the scapegoat of imperialism; countries engaging in imperialism would say that worse things are happening in Congo Free State under his control. ______'s actions result in a scramble for Africa.

Answer 78

Leopold II

Question 79

Portion of central Africa owned by Leopold II that effectively served as a giant rubber plantation. It had a largely enslaved population that faced brutality in the form of punishments such as dismemberment. The state becomes a center of anti-imperialist movements. Pressure builds up for Leopold II due to his actions and he gives it up to the Belgium government in 1908. Millions died under his rule before he does. This instance causes a European scramble for Africa which serves as the foundation to post-Berlin Conference imperialism in Africa.

Answer 79

Congo Free State

Question 80

In order to avoid war, a peaceful split of Africa for European powers happens during this meeting. The borders that made "nations" split did not consider language and nationality of African peoples. Modern-day African conflicts regarding territory still happen because of the way the continent was split up.

Answer 80

Berlin Conference

Question 81

The British and Boers have conflicts over who should be able to rule over the Boers. The Boers, saying that since they were there first, should be able to govern themselves and not have foreign states rule over them instead. Although the Boers lose in the actual war, the British had far too much backlash from the media; Britain was fighting with other white Christians. This resulted in them loosening their grip on not just South Africa (allowing the Boers to govern themselves) but also Canada and Australia.

Answer 81

Second Boer War

Question 82

African indigenous peoples who resisted the expansion of the British in South Africa (also came in conflicts with the Boers as they moved outwards of the cape colony). While they did ward off the British for a bit, they did end up losing their land.

Answer 82

Zulu Nation

Question 83

Muhammed Ahmed organizes an army in Sudan to fight against the combined rule of the Egyptians and British. He wanted to "restore the glory of Islam" which allowed an army to form because it turned from a political to a religious movement. They take over the capital of Egypt in 1885 and overrun the combined forces of Egypt and Britain, but are defeated after the army erodes once Ahmed dies.

Answer 83

Madhist Revolt

Question 84

Empire formed by the descendants of the Mali Empire in the late 19th century that is taken down by French imperialist forces.

Answer 84

Madinke Empire

Question 85

Statement made by James Monroe when Latin American colonies are gaining independence from European powers like Spain. It says that European powers can't imperialize the Latin American countries else the US will fight against them. This is just a statement (which is why it is only partially followed by the US). It can be interpreted as a way to show the US' massive influence or that they want to protect independence ideals.

Answer 85

Monroe Doctrine

Question 86

The belief that the US should extend all the way to the Pacific coast and that it's their right to do so. The argument used to annex Texas.

Answer 86

Manifest Destiny

Question 87

After the goal of Manifest Destiny is achieved, the belief that the US has the right and should extend its influence and territory overseas becomes popular.

Answer 87

New Manifest Destiny

Question 88

A 3 month battle between the US and Spain. Spain is trying to hold on the old remnants of its empire in Latin America. The conflicts between the two countries are concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Puerto Rico and the Philippines are annexed into the US and Cuba has incredibly close ties with the government.

Answer 88

Spanish-American War

Question 89

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries (especially former dependencies). Examples include the Panama Canal in Columbia (the US influences Panama to be independent), Banana Republic (hog resources from other countries), and Brazil (foreign powers profit from the rubber industry).

Answer 89

Neocolonialism

Question 90

In the 17th century, Spain controlled New Mexico. It wanted to convert the indigenous people to Christianity which cause them to rebel constantly between 1644 and 1675. However, the Spaniards would always stop them because they had firearms and were better organized. In the 1680s, the Tewa leader Pope coordinated a rebellion against the Spanish. The Pueblos and Apaches rose up against the Spanish and need Spanish rule in New Mexico for 12 years. Once the Pope dies however, the Spanish reconquer in 1692 and have stricter guidelines concerning colonial rule.

Answer 90

Pueblo Revolt

Question 91

War between the colonists in New Hampshire in 1675 and the indigenous Wampanoags led by Metacom. Triggered when the Massachusetts government tried to assert rule over them.Colonists won. First major battle between colonists and natives

Answer 91

Metacom's War

Question 92

Tupac Amaru II, descendent of the last Incan ruler, arrested and killed a colonial officer. Triggered last native rebellion against Spain; backed up by Creoles. The rebellion spread all throughout Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina before Tupac and his family were captured and executed.

Answer 92

Tupac Amaru II’s Revolt

Question 93

A tribe that assimilates into white settler culture and becomes literate and even makes their own newspaper and constitution. However, after gold was found on their land in Georgia, they were told to get off their properties. The Indian Removal act of 1830 was passed forcing them and other indigenous peoples to relocate to what is now Oklahoma.

Answer 93

Cherokee Nation

Question 94

A ritualistic dance done by the prophet-dreamers among the Northern Paiute Indians that believed it would hasten the dead's upbringing which would drive out the whites and allow the Natives to take back their traditions and land. The ritual spread across America (even to Sioux during the revolts). It died down in 1890.

Answer 94

Ghost Dance

Question 95

Federal law put in place in 1882 that restricted Chinese immigrant laborers and made it very tough for nonimmigrants to arrive in the country for 10 years. It was extended for another 20 years and finally lifted. This was done because they believed that Chinese people were taking up valuable job positions and contaminating local communities.

Answer 95

Chinese Exclusion Act

Question 96

Labor done by prison inmates as punishment. They had terrible working conditions; incredibly inhumane. Britain sent inmates to their colonies (like Australia) to get cheap labor.

Answer 96

Convict Labor

Question 97

A servant who does labor without pay for someone for a set amount of time. Once the loan in the contract was paid off by the laborer, they are set free. This was used by immigrants as a way to get and live in America. Eventually they could be free. Although there are similarities with slavery, they were a lot more free generally and could marry and move around beyond their workplace. Were allowed to read and learn.

Answer 97

Indentured Servant

Question 98

Guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently, this document helped limit British royal power and gave more power to Parliament. Sameer moment

Answer 98

English Bill of Rights

Question 99

Constitution established by Toussaint L'Ouverture which essentially reinstated his power as governor of the colony, while also deferring to France's overall authority Sameer moment

Answer 99

Constitution of 1801, Haiti