Williams-contemporary

Question 1

williams aim

Answer 1

To test remote forms of CBT to see if imagination based cognitive bias modification would impact
positively on iCBT outcomes/effectiveness of CBM and iCBT to treat depression

Question 2

williams sample

Answer 2

69 patients who were recruited from online applications.

Question 3

williams method

Answer 3

• Participants were given a diagnostic interview (using the DSM).
• These were filtered via various criteria such as substance abuse, severity of depression or no
  internet access.
• They were randomised into a control group (31 on a waiting list) and a treatment group of 38.
• They were measured on a number of tests as a baseline;
• Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI)
• Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)
• Depression Questionnaire
• Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale
• Ambiguous Scenarios Test for depression
• Scrambled Sentences Test
• They were also measured on a number of Secondary measures:
• World Health Organisation Disability Assessment
• State Trait Anxiety Inventory
• Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire
• Short questionnaire to provide an evaluation of treatment
• Patients in the treatment groups then did 20-minute daily treatment of Cognitive bias modification
  using imagery for the first week (then measured again) followed by the iCBT programme which
  lasted a further 10 weeks (then measured again).
• The positive imagery group had a positive resolution to all the scenarios whilst the control group
  had 50% positive resolutions and 50% negative resolutions.
• There was no face-to-face contact during the iCBT or CBM. The treatment consisted of 6 online
  lessons and regular homework.

Question 4

williams results

Answer 4

• Pre-treatment tests showed no significant difference (so they were a good comparison) e.g.
  27.97 Vs 28
• After the first week there was a reduction in depression scores and distress scores in the
  treatment group - clinically significant differences were seen in 7 of the treatment group and
  only 2 of the control group
• Analysis at week 11 showed a significant reduction in all primary measures for both treatment
  and control group- but much larger in the treatment group (65% Vs only 36% in the control
  group).
• The therapy was evaluated as good, easy and logical by participants

Question 5

williams conclusion

Answer 5

• Rapid symptom reduction was seen after one week of daily 20 minute sessions with minimal
  effort from the participant, demonstrating that CBM is effective and therefore worth offering
  to patients whilst they are on the waiting list for CBT treatment.
• The changes shown in the ambiguous scenarios test showed CBM treatment to be quick and
  effective in changing negative appraisals which may have helped reduce other depressive
  symptoms, disability, distress and anxiety.