Wk 10- Biases/Fallacious Thinking? Evidence Sources

Question 1

What is cognitive bias?

Answer 1

Systematic errors in thinking that may lead to irrational (though not necessarily bad) choices
Based on inaccurate assumptions

Question 2

What are assumptions?

Answer 2

Accepting something as true w/o strong evidence

Question 3

What are the 2 broad categories of bias?

Answer 3

Conscious/explicit bias
unconscious/implicit bias

Question 4

What is conscious/explicit bias?

Answer 4

Easily identifiable
Aware of
Intentional
May be malicious

Question 5

What is unconscious/implicit bias?

Answer 5

Hard to identify
Unaware of
Unintentional
Not malicious

Question 6

Examples of implicit biases

Answer 6

NARWAL BAG
Name bias
Age bias
Race and ethnicity bias
Weight bias
Affinity bias
LGBTQIA+ bias
Beauty bias
Ability bias
Gender bias

Question 7

Examples of common biases

Answer 7

PAPA FOGACHA
Placebo effect
Anchoring bias
Publication bias
Availability heuristic
Framing effect
Omission bias
Gambler’s fallacy
Authority bias
Confirmation bias
Halo effect
Ambiguity bias

Question 8

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 8

Perceived effect of ineffective drugs
Must be considered in clinical trials
Can affect up to 30-50% of participants, esp. in anti-depressants and pain medication

Question 9

What is anchoring bias?

Answer 9

The first piece of info influences our thinking most

Question 10

What is publication bias?

Answer 10

In scientific papers, negative results are discriminated against
Push to publish new, breakthrough findings

Question 11

What is the availability hearistic?

Answer 11

We rely on immediate examples more, those we are most familiar w/ or have recently heard

Question 12

What is the framing effect?

Answer 12

The same statistics are presented differently and thus alter our perception of something

Question 13

What is omission bias?

Answer 13

Preference of harm caused by omissions over harm caused by facts

Question 14

What is gambler’s fallacy?

Answer 14

Our difficulty predicting real-world probability

Question 15

What is authority bias?

Answer 15

Experts in one area are perceived to have authority in others

Question 16

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 16

We remember info that confirms our past thinking

Question 17

What is the halo effect?

Answer 17

Use of unrelated traits to judge something else
e.g. celeb endorsements

Question 18

What is ambiguity bias?

Answer 18

We preference things we are familiar w/ as unfamiliar things are associated w/ risk

Question 19

Is bias always a bad thing?

Answer 19

No, it is not the same as discrimination

Question 20

Why do we have biases?

Answer 20

Part of fast thinking
Evolutionarily, familiar things are less risky
We look for patterns to make short cuts

Question 22

What are some common Fallacies?

Answer 22

Ad hominem
Straw man
Slippery slope

Question 23

What is the ad hominem fallacy?

Answer 23

Attacking a person rather than their argument

Question 24

What is the straw man fallacy?

Answer 24

Arguing against an oversimplified version of an argument

Question 25

What is the slippery slope fallacy?

Answer 25

Arguing that because one thing is true, it will lead to other events

Question 26

Examples of biases in biomed

Answer 26

Women are considered more sensitive to pain than men and more willing to report it, leading to underdiagnosis False beliefs in biological differences b/n races, impacting treatment and diagnosis accuracy

Question 27

What is Bayesian reasoning/networks?

Answer 27

The concept that we evaluate new data through the lens of existing data If our existing evidence is flawed, any new data will be poorly interpreted

Question 28

How can we avoid bias?

Answer 28

ID biases Consider how they affect your decision making Don't blindly trust your gut Spend time w/ people who are different to you Be proactive in inclusion

Question 29

What is nuanced probability?

Answer 29

Assess your bias in decision making and consider how many times /10 this will be the best decision

Question 30

What is misinformation?

Answer 30

Incorrect or misleading info presented as fact. Not intended to mislead

Question 31

What is disinformation?

Answer 31

Incorrect or misleading info presented as fact. Intended to mislead

Question 32

What causes misinformation?

Answer 32

Fast thinking Biases Inability to identify experts Unreliable sources Confusing facts and opinions

Question 33

What are some tactics used in misinformation?

Answer 33

Making safe things seem harmful through omission bias and ambiguity bias e.g. vaccines

Question 34

How does misinformation hijack our fast thinking?

Answer 34

Cognitive bias Priming e.g. dramatic music, stats Familiarity/repetition Bad data or data representation

Question 35

What are 3 methods for detecting misinformation?

Answer 35

GLAD The WHO guidelines CRAAP

Question 36

What is the GLAD method?

Answer 36

Get past clickbait Look for crazing claims e.g. words such as "cure", "proves" Analyse source- Look at evidence Determine outside expert opinions- Verify w/ other evidence

Question 37

What are the WHO guidelines for spotting misinformation?

Answer 37

SHADE BF Assess the source Go beyond the headline Identify the author and their expertise Check the date Check supporting evidence Check your bias Use fact-checking organisations

Question 38

What is the CRAAP test?

Answer 38

Currency Relevance Author Accuracy Purpose

Question 39

What makes a scientific paper reliable?

Answer 39

Trusted organisations Transparency Methods that reduce bias e.g. large sample size, unbiased sample selection, controls, double-blind Peer-reviewed

Question 40

What makes a scientific paper unreliable

Answer 40

Conflicts of interest Biased methods Not peer-reviewed Emotion Relies on perception or memory Confuses correlation w/ causation