wk 11-12 lifespan development, emotion and motivation

Question 1

emotion definition

Answer 1

mental and physiological feeling state that directs attention and guides behaviour

Question 2

paul ekman 1970 6 core emotions

Answer 2

happiness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness

Question 3

matsumoto & willingham findings on facial expressions

Answer 3

doesnt matter if someone can see or not they will express emotion the same, they are innate

Question 4

du et al 2014 findings on facial expressions

Answer 4

22 facial expressions not 6

Question 5

arousal v valence

Answer 5

arousal- high- excited, tense
low- calm

valence- positive- elated, contented
negative- sad, gloomy

Question 6

dutton and aron (1974) on emotional arousal

Answer 6

conducted a now classic study in which a young woman approached young men as they finished walking across a 200ft high bridge. The woman asked the men for help completing a questionnaire, afterwards, she gave them her number and more than half of them called her. Humans misattribute emotional arousal

Question 6

darwin (1872) on emotions

Answer 6

our emotional expressions influence our feelings

Question 7

william james (1890) argued further on darwin 1872…

Answer 7

we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike

Question 8

cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 8

suggests that our physiological responses occur at the same time tht we/re experienceing an emotion (eg, arousal and emotion occur together

Question 9

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 9

altering our facial expressions alters our subjective experience

Question 10

kraft and pressman (2012) on facial expressions on mood

Answer 10

all smiling participants recovered from the stressor faster than the neutral group all smiling participants reported less of a negatve imapct of the stress on their mood

Question 11

Susskind et al. (2008) conducted a landmark study on the evolution and function of facial expressions, particularly focusing on fear and disgust. Their key findings were

Answer 11

facial expression are functional not just social signals, fear expressions increase sensory capability, disgust expressions did the opposite

Question 12

neal and chartrand (2011) found…

Answer 12

facial feedback enhances emotional regulation, botox impairs emotional perception, amplifying facial feedback improves emotional perception

Question 13

emotion face overgeneralisation

Answer 13

if someones neutral face resembles an emotion, we respond similarly

Question 14

motivation

Answer 14

the drive to act to achoeve your goals and meet your needs:acheieving the goals is rewarding

Question 15

what are biological motivations

Answer 15

food, sleep

Question 16

what are personal motivations

Answer 16

acheivement, risk avoidance

Question 17

what is intrinsic motivations

Answer 17

internally driven, you engage in the behaviour becuase it is enjoyable, interesting and/or fulfilling, personal satisfactions

Question 18

extrincis motivations

Answer 18

externally driven, you engage in the behaviour to gain an external reward or avoid a punishment, eg, studying for a degree

Question 19

overjustification effect in terms of motivation

Answer 19

intrinsic motivation decreases when an extrinsic motivation is given, leading to a reliance on extrinsic motivation for performance

Question 20

what are drives and goals in achieving homeostasis

Answer 20

drives are- internal states activated when the physiology of the body is out of balance, goals are- desired end states eg, hunger and thirst motivate eating and drinking

Question 21

what is extreme hunger

Answer 21

has a profound impact on human behaviour: the body conserves energy, making a person tired and apathetic, and the person becomes obsessed with food

Question 22

what is hunger

Answer 22

a fundamental human motivator as we need nourishment to live

Question 23

what is motolin

Answer 23

when your stomach is empty it is released causing contractions and hunger pains

Question 24

why does blood glucose level drop when you're hungry?

Answer 24

Blood glucose drives hunger, it drops then causes the liver and pancreas to release hormones that motivate you to eat to increase the amount of energy available

Question 25

when you feel full or satiated what happens physiologically

Answer 25

eating behaviour stops as a result of rellease of hormones that signal satiation

Question 26

can you still have motivation to eat even if we're full

Answer 26

yes, when we smell or see food, the motivation to eat can be triggered even if we're full

Question 27

what did burnett et al (2016) motivation in mice study find

Answer 27

found that hunger overrules motivation for fear, social, anxiety and thirst

Question 28

in the minnesota starvation experiment, what did they find?

Answer 28

strength, stamina, heart rate, temperature and sex drive all decreased. they were also obsessed with food. No life long effects, however their eating habits were different

Question 29

wispe and drambarrean (1953) hunger motivation experiment found...

Answer 29

you pay more attention to food related words/stimuli when youre hungry

Question 30

what effect does stress have on hunger motivation eg, exam related stress

Answer 30

A greater tendancy to eat to distract themselves from stress

Question 31

development refers to a change that is normative, non-resversible, relatively stable, sequential. Explain each

Answer 31

normative- everyone is doing it. Non-reversable- reorganises the entire person. Relatively stable- theres no going back. Sequential-need to crawl before you can walk

Question 32

explain prenatal development

Answer 32

fetus changes from single celled zygote to muticellual organism capable of percieving, moving and possibly dreaming

Question 33

what brain changes occur during the prenatal stage

Answer 33

etremely rapid chnages, neural cells divide, migrate to their appropriate locations, and start interconnection

Question 34

neurulation

Answer 34

18-24 days after fertilsation, mass of fetal cells falttens, folds and seal to form the neural tube, this will become the brain and spinal cord

Question 35

neurogenesis

Answer 35

rapid creation of immature neurons inside the neural tube, peaks 6-7 wks after ferilsation and is complete at 4 months

Question 36

what are division sof primative brain

Answer 36

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

Question 37

what are each of the division of primative brain resposible for

Answer 37

forebrain- two cerebral hemispheres, midbrain- reflexes, hindbrain- breathing, circulation and muscle coordination

Question 38

synaptogenesis

Answer 38

development of connections between neurons and pruning of unnecessary connections occurs at different times in different regions of the brain

Question 39

myelination

Answer 39

development of fatty insulation around axons that speeds neural conduction, occurs around 6 month gestation

Question 40

infancy

Answer 40

at birth structure of brain is already clear, however function development requires years of experience to shape it

Question 41

at 3 months old there is a developmental leap, what is it

Answer 41

cortical centres start to send signals to the brainstems that inhibit motor neurons (leading to disappearance of palmer grasp reflex)

Question 42

visual processing in infancy

Answer 42

is enhanced by increasing myelination of neurons in the visual system and brain linked fact-based memory are rapidly growing leading to greater ability of facial recognition and objects

Question 43

What do mirror neurons do in infants?

Answer 43

from birth, infants can imitate facial expressions. Due to mirror neurons, a neuron fires when you execute an action or when you observe someone else executing an action.

Question 44

when does pruning of prefrontal cortex start

Answer 44

age 3 and continues into adolescence

Question 45

childhood: brain size?

Answer 45

myelination of axons causes brain size to increase

Question 46

childhood: how to increase efficientcy of information transfer, to improve working memory and response preparation?

Answer 46

myelination and neural pruning

Question 47

neural plasicity

Answer 47

the ability of the brain to be shaped by an enviornment, which facilitates processing, which enhances further neural changes

Question 48

neural plasticity: what are adaptive chnages?

Answer 48

adaptive changes are exposures to the 'right' experiences can have extremely benefical effects on the brain, eg, being raised in rich complex environment

Question 49

does neural plasticity decrease?

Answer 49

can decrease with age, there is a critical period for some skills, eg learnign a language

Question 50

critical periods

Answer 50

need to be exposed to shapes and sounds, visual and auditory development: birth to age 4-5,

Question 51

critical period: physical and motor development age

Answer 51

birth-12

Question 52

critical period: emotional and social development:

Answer 52

birth to 12

Question 53

maladaptive changes

Answer 53

bad experiences can have deleterious effects on the brain, eg, expore to prenatal stress

Question 54

why does maternal stress effect the baby?

Answer 54

stress hormones affect brain development

Question 55

neural plasticity: nurturing touch

Answer 55

babies who experience more touch, are cognitive superior, less stressed and less fearful

Question 56

developing selective attention: young children

Answer 56

young children often focus on information that does not help them attain their goals

Question 57

discrepancy principle in young childrens selective attention

Answer 57

babies pay attention to infromation that differ a little from their existing scheme, eg a baby will stare at a baby as they are used to seeing adults

Question 58

perceptual development:

Answer 58

sensory info- learning how to make sense of it and integrate it from different sources

Question 59

intersensory redundancy

Answer 59

overlap between sensory information from diferent channels for a given stimulus (eg objects can be seen, heard, felt)

Question 60

unitary event- perceptual development

Answer 60

children learn to distinguish related aspects of stimulation

Question 61

intersensory redundancy hypothesis

Answer 61

proposes that during early infancy, IR promotes the detection of amodal information in multimodal events, causing athe amodal stimulus to be highlighted

Question 62

object perception

Answer 62

understanding that objects retain their shape and solidarity evem when parts of an object are obsecured from our vision: object unity

Question 63

object perception: motion

Answer 63

with movement cues, infants (2 months)appear to understand object continuity

Question 64

babies perceiving depth

Answer 64

by 6-14 month old babies percieve depth

Question 65

developing executive function:

Answer 65

immature executive function makes it very difficult for young children to act on rules, despite the fact they know the rule

Question 66

abstraction: developing executive function

Answer 66

young children have trouble with abstraction

Question 67

brain chnages in adulthood

Answer 67

as we age, brain weight decreases ,grey matter decreases, lower synaptic densities

Question 68

how to prevent decrease of brain weight when ageing

Answer 68

cardiovascular fitness is a protector against neural degeneration

Question 69

sesnory changes in adulthood

Answer 69

reduced sensitivity to visual contrasts, lights are not as sensitive, older eyes take longer to adapt to darker enviornemnts, hearing sensitivity changes,

Question 70

presbycusis

Answer 70

symmetrical bilateral hearing loss that begins at age 18

Question 71

psychomotor slowing

Answer 71

reliable change that occurs as we age increasing time needed to process and act on information, this tend to be gradual

Question 72

changes in intelligence when ageing

Answer 72

fluid intelligence (puzzles, mazes) declines, crystilsed intelligence (general knowledge) stablises or improves with age

Question 73

chnages in working/long term memory when ageing

Answer 73

working memory capacity is reduced in older adults, long term memory may take longer to aquuire new info and longer to retreive memories

Question 74

what type of study is good for testing the effects of age

Answer 74

longtitudinal studies as it uses the same participants

Question 75

social life on memory when ageing

Answer 75

having a social life can improve memory (slower memory decline)

Question 76

predictors of healthy ageing

Answer 76

physical (good diet, exercise), intellectual (healthy mind), emotional (low stress), relational (strong social network), spiritual (having meaning), income (above lowest quartile)