wk 7, 8 visual perception and visual illusions

Question 1

what is the mind

Answer 1

a system that creates and controls mental functions. Encompasses all of the cognitive functions, from paying attention to making decisions to solving problems

Question 2

conscoiousness

Answer 2

our subjective awareness of our existence in the world and our internal and external experience

Question 3

perception

Answer 3

the aquisition and processing of sensory information to see/hear/taste/smell/ feel stimuli

Question 4

gestalt laws

Answer 4

proximity, similarity, closure, common fate, good continuation

Question 5

how do assumptions and expectations effect perception

Answer 5

what we expect to see guides our perception (top-down influences)

Question 6

good continuation

Answer 6

parts of a display are grouped to minimise the number of interruptions to smooth lines or curves

Question 7

common fate

Answer 7

Things that appear to move together are grouped together eg, birds in flock

Question 8

closure

Answer 8

we group things together if they seem to complete an entity. We ignore contridictory information and fill in gaps of information eg, illusory contours (phenomenon where we imagine edges even when they are not present)

Question 9

similarity

Answer 9

when several similar items are presented together, we tend to perceive the form in a way that groups similar items together

Question 10

proximity

Answer 10

objects that are close to one another, tend to be grouped together

Question 11

viewpoint invariant

Answer 11

viewpoint of viewig an object affects object recognition

Question 12

what did biederman propose

Answer 12

recognition by component theory of object recognition

Question 13

visual perception

Answer 13

automatic and effortless, object recognition (can be affected by multiple overlapping objects, differing distance/orientation, category membership)

Question 14

perceptual segregation

Answer 14

organisation on the visual environment, assuming theres patterns rather than random arrangements, when 2 areas share a boundry (figure and ground)

Question 15

percieving form

Answer 15

ambiguous figure ground relationship: the figure ground reverse periodically, eg, vase and face. You cannot simultaneously percieve the 2 images at the same time

Question 16

perceptual reversibility

Answer 16

you can only perceive one organisation at a time, and can change from second to second eg, duck or rabbit

Question 17

perceiving faces- what is invariant information and variable information?. What are static cues and dynamic cues?

Answer 17

invariant information- identity, race, gender. Variable information- age, health, attractiveness, emotional state. static cues- nose shape, distance between eyes. Dynamic- emotional expression

Question 18

who proposed that face processing is innate?

Answer 18

Fantz- newborns prefer to look at faces over concentric circle patterns

Question 19

who showed that newborns face track

Answer 19

goren- track faces like patterns more than control patterns that have similar features to a face

Question 20

what did bruce and young 1986 find

Answer 20

1. Faces are processed holistically and orientation specifically (structural encoding)
2. Familiar faces are recognised by matching with stored FRU’s gaining semantic information from PINS (personal identity nodes)
3. Unfamiliar faces are processed via direct visual processing

Question 21

does remembering a face or nuumber take place first

Answer 21

Remembering a name takes longer as they are stored seperately from other semantic info (face)

Question 22

configural vs featural processing

Answer 22

configural info- the spatial interrelationship between parts (nose, eyes)
featural info- the local information contained in individual parts (eg, shape of nose)

Question 23

what is face inversion effect

Answer 23

when an object is upside down, it is harder to recognise. Inversion disrupts configural processing, so faces experience a greater impact when inverted than objects

Question 24

what does depth perception allow

Answer 24

3D

Question 25

retinal image is 2D or 3D

Answer 25

2D

Question 26

binocular cues

Answer 26

invlove the integration of information from both eyes

Question 27

retinal disparity

Answer 27

slight difference in the images seen by each of our eyes due to their horizontal separation, when an object is close, the disparity is large, when an object is close, the diisparity is small

Question 28

convergence

Answer 28

when focusing on an object that's close to you, your eyes look towards each other

Question 29

monocular cues, and what are they

Answer 29

monocular depth cues are available when you view the world using only one eye. Cues- interposition, elevation, texture, linear perspective, shading, aerial perspective, familiar size, relative size

Question 30

interposition

Answer 30

when one object overlaps with or partly blocks our view of another object, we perceive the obstructed view as being further away

Question 31

elevation

Answer 31

object further away are higher up in your visual field

Question 32

texture

Answer 32

textured surfaces appear more dense in distant objects, and coarser in closer objects

Question 33

linear perspective

Answer 33

lines that are parallel in the real world, appear to converge in distance eg, road

Question 34

shading

Answer 34

the brain assumes that light comes from above, it interprets shading differently according to whether it appears at the top or bottom of an object, concave or convex

Question 35

aerial perspective

Answer 35

as light scatters when passing through space, objects that are further away tend to be fuzzier than objects that are close

Question 36

familiar size

Answer 36

knowing the size of an object helps us judge our distance from them and from objects around them

Question 37

relative size

Answer 37

when you look at two objects that are known to be roughly the same size, we percieve the smaller objects as further away

Question 38

motion parallax

Answer 38

when you move, images of objects that are closer to you move across your visual field quicker

Question 39

perceptual constancy

Answer 39

allows us to perceive objects as having a standard shape, size, colour, location, regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance or lighting

Question 40

colour constancy

Answer 40

tendancy to percieve the colour of objects as being stable despite changes in illumination

Question 41

shape constancy

Answer 41

tendancy to percieve the shape of objects as being stable despite objects pouring different images on retina each and every time we see them

Question 42

size constancy

Answer 42

tendancy to percieve objects as being a stable size when viewed from different distances

Question 43

illusions

Answer 43

inform us on how our normal perception works, errors can be due to prior knowledge being inappropriate or misapplied

Question 44

what did gregory (1997) find

Answer 44

2 kinds of illusions 1. Physical cause 2. cognitive illusions

Question 45

zollners illusion

Answer 45

the long lines seem to be divergent, but in reality they are parallel

Question 46

muller-lyer illusion

Answer 46

the lines are the same size, however we percieve one line longerr, due to linear perspective cues

Question 47

poggendorff illusion

Answer 47

resulting from the brain's perception of the interaction between diagonal lines and horizontal lines, how line perception is distorted by background

Question 48

ebbinghaus illusion

Answer 48

results from using relative size information to guide perception, the circle that is surrounded by bigger circles appears smaller, the circle that is surrounded by smaller circles seems larger

Question 49

what is light/shadow illsuion

Answer 49

allows the visual system to take illumination and other viewing conditions to figure out the luminance of an object

Question 50

checker-shadow illusion

Answer 50

when in a shadow, a light surface may reflect less light than a dark surface in full light (comparing the coloured checks with surrounding checks)