Wk 15. Herbal Therapy Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which panel is considered the expert on herbals?
A

German Commission E

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2
Q
  1. What are some adulterants found in herbal mixtures?
A

Lead, arsenic, mercury, ephedra, chlorpheniramine, androgens

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3
Q
  1. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, botanical products can be sold as what?
A

Dietary supplements

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4
Q
  1. What are two statements which must be placed on the label of herbal preparations?
A

This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA.

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5
Q
  1. In what way can labels make therapeutic claims?
A

Favorably influences body structure or function

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6
Q
  1. What are three standards proposed by the FDA in the Current Good Manufacturing Practices?
A

No adulterants, contaminants, or impurities
Accurate labeling of active and inactive ingredients
Quality control procedures

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7
Q
  1. Why is the seal of approval from the U.S. Pharmacopeia, ConsumerLab, Natural Products Association, or the NSF International important?
A

This seal denotes that the product meets the quality standards.

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8
Q
  1. What are five herbs that can suppress platelet aggregation and increase the risk of bleeding with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs?
A

Ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginger root, glucosamine, feverfew

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9
Q
  1. How does St. John’s wort influence the metabolism of other drugs?
A

Accelerates metabolism of other drugs

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10
Q
  1. Why is black cohosh used?
A

Menopause symptoms, PMS, menstrual cramps

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11
Q
  1. Why is black cohosh contraindicated in pregnancy?
A

Estrogenic effects

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12
Q
  1. Why is coenzyme Q-10 used?
A

To protect the muscles from injury from HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and to protect muscle and nerves from damage due to deranged mitochondrial metabolism.

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13
Q
  1. Why is cranberry used?
A

To prevent urinary tract infections and to reduce urine odor.

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14
Q
  1. Why is echinacea used?
A

Oral - stimulate immune function, suppress inflammation, treat viral infections
Topical – wounds, burns, skin ailments

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15
Q
  1. Hic herbal remedies are related to the daisy or ragweed family?
A

Echinacea, feverfew, St. John’s wort

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16
Q
  1. Why is feverfew used?
A

Prevents and treats migraines.

17
Q
  1. What are the lipid alterations caused by fresh garlic?
A

Decreased triglycerides, decreased LDL, increased HDL

18
Q
  1. How does garlic affect blood pressure?
A

Modestly reduces blood pressure.

19
Q
  1. Why is ginger used?
A

To suppress vomiting, nausea, and vertigo. To reduce pain and inflammation from chronic inflammatory conditions.

20
Q
  1. What brain and gut receptors are blocked by ginger root?
A

Serotonin receptors

21
Q
  1. Why is ginkgo biloba used?
A

To increase pain-free walking distances with peripheral arterial disease.

22
Q
  1. How do changes in the vascular system provide ginkgo’s effects?
A

Vasodilation, decreased capillary fragility and thrombosis

23
Q
  1. Why is glucosamine used? How does it work?
A

Osteoarthritis of the hip, knee, and wrist. Stimulates chondrocytes and acts as a substrate for cartilage and synovial fluid.

24
Q
  1. Which salt of glucosamine is effective?
A

Glucosamine sulfate

25
Q
  1. Why is green tea used?
A

Weight loss, concentration, and to prevent or slow cancers.

26
Q
  1. How does green tea affect warfarin (Coumadin)?
A

The vitamin K in green tea counteracts the effects of warfarin (Coumadin)

27
Q
  1. How does the replacement of gut normal flora with probiotics affect diarrhea, irritable bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis?
A

Decreases diarrhea from rotaviruses and antibiotics in children. Reduces pain and bloating in irritable bowel disease. Induces remission in ulcerative colitis.

28
Q
  1. Why is saw palmetto used?
A

Relieves urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy

29
Q
  1. How does saw palmetto work? What is a gender-based recommendation?
A

May block androgen and alpha-adrenergic receptors or suppress inflammation. Pregnant women should not ingest.

30
Q
  1. Why is soy used? What percentage of women is able to convert soy to an estrogenic compound?
A

To reduce the risk of cancer and to treat hot flashes and osteoporosis. 50%.

31
Q
  1. How do soy’s effects vary in relation to women’s estrogen levels?
A

Antiestrogenic effect in women with normal estrogen levels. Estrogenic effect in postmenopausal women.

32
Q
  1. Why is St. John’s wort used?
A

Relieves mild to moderate depression

33
Q
  1. How does St. John’s wort affect three neurotransmitters?
A

Increases serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by decreasing reuptake

34
Q
  1. St. John’s wort may cause what syndrome if taken with amphetamines, cocaine, or antidepressants?
A

Serotonin syndrome

35
Q
  1. Why is valerian used?
A

Promotes sleep, reduces anxiety-associated restlessness

36
Q
  1. Valerian increases the availability of what neurotransmitter?
A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at CNS synapses. Also may act as a GABA agonist.

37
Q
  1. Why should people avoid comfrey, kava, and ma huang (ephedra)?
A

Comfrey – liver damage and carcinogenic effects.
Kava – liver damage.
Ma huang – stroke, myocardial infarction, and death.