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wk 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

a branch of biology that studies the structure, function and interactions of biological molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins at the molecular level

A

Molecular Biology

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2
Q

are techniques used to detect DNA, RNA, or proteins in microorganisms or particular cells in order to monitor states of health, disease, and treatment

A

Molecular Diagnostics

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3
Q

coined the term
molecular biology

A

james watson

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4
Q

TRANSFORMATION IN BACTERIA was idcovered by

A

Discovery by Frederick Griffith (1928)

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5
Q

TRANSFORMATION IN BACTERIA
objective

A

Objective: Develop a vaccine against pneumonia

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6
Q

explain freerick griffith’s study

A

Griffith’s Study
Bacteria Studied: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Strains:

Virulent (S strain)
- Enclosed in a capsular polysaccharide (smooth colonies).
- Causes pneumonia.

Avirulent (R strain):
- No capsule (rough colonies).
N- on-lethal to host.

Virulence Mechanism:
S-type bacteria evade the host’s immune system due to the protective capsule.
R-type bacteria are readily destroyed by phagocytosis

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7
Q

explain the tranforming principle

A

Steps:
1.Injection of live S-type bacteria into mice: Lethal
2.Injection of live R-type bacteria into mice: Non-lethal
3.Injection of heat-killed S-type bacteria: Non-lethal
4.Injection of heat-killed S-type + live R-type bacteria: Lethal
Key Observations
Mice injected with heat-killed S-type and live R-type
bacteria developed pneumonia and died.
Transformation occurred: R-type bacteria acquired the
virulent trait from heat-killed S-type bacteria.
Conclusion
The heat-killed bacteria converted live avirulent cells to
virulent cells, and he called the component of the dead Stype bacteria the “transforming principle.”

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8
Q

DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL FOR BACTERIA

inventor

A

Key Point: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and
Maclyn McCarty (1944)

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9
Q

first to identify bacterial transformation

A

frederick griffith

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10
Q

DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL FOR BACTERIA

EXPERIMENT

A

Experiment Highlights:

  • Organic solvent extraction removed proteins, yet transformation persisted
  • Treatments removing carbohydrates, lipids,
    and RNA confirmed no effect on
    transformation
  • DNase (degrades DNA) abolished
    transforming activity
  • Conclusion: DNA is the “transforming principle”
  • DNA carries genetic information
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11
Q

if no transformation occurs only r cells, and the active factor is dna. what type of colony will be produced

A

rough colonies

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12
Q

DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL FOR BACTERIOPHAGE
dicoverer and objective

A

Key Point: A. D. Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
Objective: Identify whether DNA or protein is genetic material

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13
Q

explain A.D. Hershey and martha chase’ experiment

A

Experiment:

T2 bacteriophage labeled with radioactive isotopes:
- 32P for DNA (contains phosphorus, not sulfur)
- 35S for protein (contains sulfur, not phosphorus)

Infected E. coli, stripped phages via blending, and separated components

Progeny phages contained 32P, not 35S

DNA enters host cells and directs reproduction.

Conclusion: DNA is the genetic material, and that it contains genes passed along through generations

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14
Q

used in testing RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL FOR VIRUSES

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV):
RNA purified from TMV caused infection

Retroviruses:
- Use reverse transcription to replicate genetic material
- RNA synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA)
Example: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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15
Q

the human genome has how many base pairs and how is it transfered

A

3 billion. dna replication

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16
Q

explain transcription and translation

A

DNA TO RNA = TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TO PROTEIN = TRANSLATION

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17
Q

CENTRAL DOGMA

A

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

-0 TRANSFER OF GENETIC INFO WITHIN A CELL

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18
Q

NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE

Study These Flashcards
A
  • polynucleotide
  • joined by phosphodiester bond
  • 3 components:
    - nitrogenous base
    - 5 carbon sugar
    - phosphate group
19
Q

components of nucleotide

Study These Flashcards
A
  • nitrogenous base
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
20
Q
  • Attached to the 5’
    carbon of the sugar
  • Phosphoester bond
  • Strong negative charge
Study These Flashcards
A

Phosphate group

21
Q

nitrogenous base

Study These Flashcards
A

Purines- double ring; Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines- single ring; Cytosine, Thymine and uracil

22
Q

nitrogewnous base of dna and na

Study These Flashcards
A

DNA - A,G,C,T
RNA - A,G,C,U

23
Q

5 CARBON/PENTOSE SUGAR

Study These Flashcards
A

RNA: ribose sugar, 2 OH group bound to 2’ and 3’ carbons

DNA: deoxyribose, 1 OH group bound to 3’, 1 H atom
bound to 2

24
Q

NUCLEOSIDE

Study These Flashcards
A

CARBOHYDRATE + NITROGENOUS BASE

25
NUCLEOTIDE
PHOSPHATE + CARBOHYDRATE + NITROGENOUS BASE *DIFFERENCE FROM NUCLEOSIDE IS MAY PHOSPHATE SIYA
26
IS DNA OR RNA MORE SUSCPETIBLE TO HYDROLYSIS ChatGPT said:
RNA is more susceptible to hydrolysis than DNA. This is because RNA has a hydroxyl (-OH) group at the 2' position of its ribose sugar, which makes it prone to nucleophilic attack, leading to spontaneous cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone, especially under alkaline conditions. DNA lacks this 2'-OH group, making it more stable
27
Where is dna located?
Nucleus- eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm- prokaryotic cells
28
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strijcture
a macromolecule of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen atoms.
29
proposed the theory that DNA molecules exist as a double helix
James Watson & Francis Crick
30
dna structure
Sugar phosphate backbone: - outer edge Nitrogenous Bases: - central core 2 external grooves: - major groove and minor groove Complementary strands
31
Chargaff’s Rules
1. Two long polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis, forming a right-handed double helix. 2. The two DNA strand are antiparallel, that is, their 5. ---3' orientation runs in opposite directions. 3. The base of both chains lie perpendicular to the axis, and they are stacked on one another. 4. The nitrogenous bases of opposite chains are paired as the result of the formation of a hydrogen bond in DNA. 5. Each complete turn of helix is 34A ° long. 6. The double helix has a diameter of 20A ° . 7. The amount of adenine (A) residues is proportional to the amount of thymine (T) residues in DNA. Also, the amount of guanine (G) residues is proportional to the amount of cytosine (C). 8.The sum of the purines equal to the sum of pyrimidine. 9.The percentage of (G+C) is not necessarily equal the percentage of (A+T)
32
dna base pair rule
A DNA double helix is formed by intermolecular interactions between two chains of DNA. This formation is dependent on base complementarity, where the bases in one strand match up with those of the other according to the base pairing rules: Adenine pairs with Thymine Cytosine pairs with Guanine This characteristic allows prediction of the DNA sequence of a DNA molecule from its complementary strand.
33
Double-stranded DNA molecule adopts a helical structure which
makes it harder for enzymes to "attack" or disrupt the molecule
34
formation of dna base pair rule is based on
base complementarity
35
base pairs are formed by
Base pairs are formed by hydrogen bonds. 2 hydrogen bonds occur between the Adenine and the Thymine. 3 hydrogen bonds occur between Cytosine and Guanine While each hydrogen bond is weak by itself compared to a covalent bond, the millions of hydrogen bonds together result in an extremely strong force keeping the two DNA strands together
36
TYPES OF RNA
1.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 2.Messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.Transfer RNA (tRNA) Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): Small and micro RNAs:
37
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- found inside the ribosomes - involve in translation of mRNA to proteins - 80-90%
38
Messenger RNA (mRNA) or each amino acid
- read by ribosomes to produce proteins - Heteronuclear RNA: in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA with both introns and exons. - 5'methylguanine cap and polyadenylate tail
39
PRE MRNA
Heteronuclear RNA: in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA with both introns and exons.
40
3.Transfer RNA (tRNA)
reads the mRNA by triplets and brings the amino acid to the ribosome. - 1 tRNA for each AA
41
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA):
removal of introns
42
Small and micro RNAs:
cellular processes
43

MOLBIO (4 decks)

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