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Pathopharmacology Fundamentals > Wk 4 Depression & Anxiety Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Wk 4 Depression & Anxiety Pathophysiology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Neurotransmitters are responsible for

A

communication between neurons and other cells

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and either

A

Block or facilitate relay of stimulus

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3
Q

4 major neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA

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4
Q

Dopamine associated with…

A

Happiness, motivation, pleasure, reward, focus, energy, learning, anti anxiety

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5
Q

Serotonin associated with…

A

Obsessions and compulsions, happiness, sleep

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6
Q

GABA associated with…

A

Relaxation

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7
Q

Norepinephrine associated with…

A

Alertness and energy

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8
Q

Low levels of dopamine results in

A

Parkinson like symptoms such as… slower reaction time, low energy, anhedonia

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9
Q

Anhedonia is

A

Inability to experience pleasure in things you usually enjoy “pleasure center dysfunction”

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10
Q

Serotonin deficit results in

A

more obsessive thoughts and compulsions, impulsivity, suicidal, aggressive, susceptible to “cue triggers” / lack of impulse control

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11
Q

Deficits in GABA is associated with

A

Anxiety disorders, panic disorders, major depressive disorder

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12
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter associated with fight or flight response

A

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

High levels of norepinephrine results in

A

Heightened anxiety, stress, and hyperactivity

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14
Q

Low levels of norepinephrine is associated with

A

Lack of energy, focus, and motivation

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15
Q

Women are twice as likely to suffer from

A

Depression

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16
Q

Depression is more common in those who are

A

Caucasian and have never been married

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17
Q

Those with depression are __% more likely to develop CAD

A

64%

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18
Q

Leading cause of disability worldwide

A

Depression

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19
Q

Depression a combination of…

A

Genetic, environmental, biological and psychological factors

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20
Q

Depression dx depends on the presence of multiple symptoms that are…

A

Intense enough to cause distress and persistently impair psychosocial function

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21
Q

Multiple etiologies associated with depression including:

A

Neurobiological, chemical, situational, chronic and acute, medication side effects

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22
Q

Symptoms of depression

A

Loss of interest or pleasure, extreme fatigue, restlessness, irritability, sleep disturbances, appetite disturbances, impaired concentration

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23
Q

Treatment of depression includes

A

medications, CBT and talk therapy, support groups

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24
Q

All depression medications take…

A

weeks to start working

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25
For depression that does not respond to medications and therapy we may use
brain stimulation therapy
26
6 major types of anxiety disorders
Social, panic, acrophobia, PTSD, generalized, OCD
27
Unlike depressive disorders
Anxiety disorders have different symptoms and are treated differently
28
Panic disorder characterized by 2 main symptoms
Antianticipatory anxiety and avoidance anxiety
29
Anticipatory anxiety is
Fearful expectation of panic anxiety onset
30
Avoidance anxiety is
Personal strategies used to increase sense of control and decrease the risk of panic anxiety
31
What is linked to adult panic disorder?
Early childhood stress
32
Panic disorder is likely to
run in families
33
Overwhelming stress can stimulate and cause a buildup of
Glutamate
34
What is panic?
Unexpected episode that is out of proportion to events that are happening around the patient
35
Half of patients with panic disorder also have...
Depression
36
Recurrent uncomfortable episodes with sudden onset with symptoms
Panic attack
37
Symptoms associated with panic attack
Heart palpitations, chest pain, SOB, dizziness, nausea, fear of losing control, tingling in hands, flushing or chills
38
Treatment of panic disorders includes...
CBT, antidepressants
39
Panic disorder is treated with these types of antidepressants
SSRIs, SNRI, TCA, MOA inhibitors
40
Second line medication to treat panic attacks
Benzodiazepine, used to treat attack in the moment
41
Anxiety that lasts for more than 6 months, characterized by unrealistic, uncontrolled anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
42
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by...
Muscle tension, autonomic hyperactivity, exaggerated startle, difficulty concentrating
43
Risk factors for generalized anxiety disorder
Substance abuse, childhood abuse/trauma, and genetic components
44
Treatment for generalized anxiety disorder
Antidepressants SSRI and SRNI, Buspirone, benzodiazepine
45
3 core symptoms of hyper-arousal, avoidance, reliving of events
PTSD
46
In PTSD, there is chronic activation of the
Stress response in relation to exposure to a potentially life threatening event
47
PTSD is characterized by...
Vivid flashbacks, nightmares, emotional blunting, irritability and exaggerated startle
48
Common along with PTSD
Memory, sleep, and depression problems
49
Number one cause of PTSD
For both men and women it's rape
50
Other common causes of PTSD for men
Combat exposure, childhood neglect, childhood physical abuse
51
Other common causes of PTSD for women
Sexual molestation, physical attack, being threatened with a weapon
52
Psychotherapy treatment for PTSD
Trauma focused, exposure therapy, CBT, EMDR, medications (SSRIs SNRIs)
53
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) works well along with CBT to
Treat PTSD
54
Intense fear of being criticized by others, persistent fear of humiliation, and negative evaluation of embarrassment in social situation
Social anxiety disorder
55
Social anxiety disorder causes...
withdrawal from social situation or intense discomfort
56
Causes of social anxiety disorder
Inherited traits, environment (learned behavior), or brain structure- amygdala
57
Treatment of social anxiety disorder includes...
CBT, SSRIs, Benzos, propanolol
58
Repetitive unwanted thoughts and obsessions, repeated activities/rituals
OCD
59
Obsessions and compulsions are..
Time consuming, and may be distressing to individual, friends, or family members
60
Most difficult psychiatric conditions to treat
OCD
61
Treatment of OCD
SSRIs, TCA (second line), deep brain stimulation, EMDR, transcranial magnetic stimulation (approved in 2018)

Pathopharmacology Fundamentals (13 decks)

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