Wk.11 L1 Questions

Question 1

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Upper respiratory system and Lower respiratory system

Question 2

What structures are included in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 2

• Nasal cavity
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
• Larynx

Question 3

What structures are included in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 3

• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Lungs
• Pleura

Question 4

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

To supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Question 5

What muscles are primarily responsible for respiration?

Answer 5

• Diaphragm
• Thorax muscles

Question 6

What is vital for efficient gas exchange in the respiratory system?

Answer 6

Patency of the airways

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The nasal cavity features bony ‘shelves’ called _______.

Answer 7

conchae

Question 8

What are the three types of conchae in the nasal cavity?

Answer 8

• Superior concha
• Middle concha
• Inferior concha

Question 9

What are the areas under the conchae called?

Answer 9

Meatuses

Question 10

List the four types of paranasal sinuses.

Answer 10

• Frontal sinus
• Ethmoidal sinuses
• Sphenoidal sinus
• Maxillary sinuses

Question 11

Which sinus drains into the middle meatus?

Answer 11

Frontal sinus and Maxillary sinus

Question 12

What is the pharynx?

Answer 12

A musculo-fascial tube conducting air, food, and drink between the head and neck

Question 13

What are the three main parts of the pharynx?

Answer 13

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 14

True or False: The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are the four cartilages that govern the protection and function of the larynx?

Answer 15

• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Arytenoid cartilages

Question 16

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Answer 16

Closes the larynx during swallowing

Question 17

What shape is the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 17

Shield-shaped

Question 18

What is the function of the vocal folds?

Answer 18

To produce sound

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The trachea is a fibromuscular tube that extends from the _______ to the lungs.

Answer 19

laryngopharynx

Question 20

What is the length of the trachea?

Answer 20

10-12 cm

Question 21

What structure does the trachea bifurcate into?

Answer 21

Right and left primary bronchi

Question 22

True or False: The right primary bronchus is longer, narrower, and more horizontal than the left.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

What creates the bronchial tree?

Answer 23

Repeated branching of the bronchi

Question 24

How many secondary bronchi are found on the right and left?

Answer 24

• 3 on the right
• 2 on the left

Question 25

What is the role of smooth muscle in the trachea?

Answer 25

Allows food to pass through the esophagus on swallowing

Question 26

What is the carina?

Answer 26

The point where the trachea bifurcates into right and left primary bronchi

Question 27

What is the structure of the bronchial tree?

Answer 27

The bronchial tree consists of: * Primary bronchi * Secondary (2°) bronchi * Tertiary (3°) bronchi * Terminal bronchioles * Respiratory bronchioles * Alveoli and alveolar sacs ## Footnote The primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi, which further divide into tertiary bronchi.

Question 28

How do the right and left primary bronchi differ?

Answer 28

The right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left primary bronchus. ## Footnote This anatomical difference has implications for the likelihood of aspirated objects entering the right lung.

Question 29

How many secondary bronchi are present on the right and left sides?

Answer 29

Right side has 3 secondary bronchi, left side has 2 secondary bronchi. ## Footnote Each secondary bronchus corresponds to a lobe of the lung.

Question 30

What are the main lobes of the right lung?

Answer 30

The right lung is divided into 3 lobes: * Superior * Middle * Inferior ## Footnote It has both oblique and horizontal fissures separating these lobes.

Question 31

What are the main lobes of the left lung?

Answer 31

The left lung is divided into 2 lobes: * Superior * Inferior ## Footnote It has one oblique fissure and features a cardiac notch and lingula.

Question 32

What is the function of the pleura surrounding the lungs?

Answer 32

The pleura serves to: * Reduce friction during breathing * Create a pressure gradient for lung inflation * Prevent lung collapse ## Footnote The pleura consists of visceral and parietal layers.

Question 33

What is the role of serous pleural fluid?

Answer 33

Serous pleural fluid maintains surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura, preventing lung recoil. ## Footnote If air or blood enters the pleural space, the surface tension is disrupted, leading to potential lung collapse.

Question 34

What structures enter and leave the lungs at the pulmonary hilum?

Answer 34

At the pulmonary hilum, the following structures enter and leave: * Bronchi (posterior) * Pulmonary arteries (superior to veins) * Pulmonary veins (anterior) * Lymph nodes * Nerves ## Footnote The pulmonary ligament is also present, draping inferiorly from the hilum.

Question 35

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

Answer 35

The intercostal nerves provide motor innervation to the intercostal muscles. ## Footnote They also provide sensory innervation to the costal parietal pleura.

Question 36

What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

Answer 36

The phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory innervation to the diaphragmatic parietal pleura. ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in the mechanics of breathing.

Question 37

What effects does the vagus nerve have on the respiratory system?

Answer 37

The vagus nerve: * Provides sensory innervation of visceral pleura * Constricts bronchi * Dilates pulmonary blood vessels * Increases secretions * Decreases respiratory rate ## Footnote It has a parasympathetic autonomic role.

Question 38

What effects does the sympathetic trunk have on the respiratory system?

Answer 38

The sympathetic trunk: * Provides sensory innervation of visceral pleura * Dilates bronchi * Constricts pulmonary blood vessels * Reduces secretions * Increases respiratory rate ## Footnote It has a sympathetic autonomic role.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The left lung has a _______ and lingula.

Answer 39

[cardiac notch] ## Footnote This anatomical feature is due to the proximity of the heart.

Question 40

True or False: The right lung is larger than the left lung.

Answer 40

True ## Footnote The right lung is larger due to the liver pushing upwards and the heart's position.

Question 41

What is the apex of the lung, and where does it extend?

Answer 41

The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck above the 1st rib. ## Footnote This positioning is important for understanding lung expansion during inhalation.

Question 42

What is the base of the lung, and where does it rest?

Answer 42

The base of the lung rests on the diaphragm. ## Footnote The diaphragm plays a key role in respiration.