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LSB235- ANATOMY > WK3- integumentary system + muscles/fascia > Flashcards

WK3- integumentary system + muscles/fascia Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system includes?

A

the skin, nails, hair, sweat glands

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2
Q

skin functions? 7

A

-protects our bodies from physical trauma/UV rays
-acts as a barrier to bacteria and viruses
-excretes waste products
-protects underlying tissue against fluid loss, stores lipids
-synthesizes vitamin D
-regulates body temp
-contains mechanoreceptors for touch, pressure, pain and temp

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3
Q

the skin is composed of what layers?

A

the outer epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
the deeper dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)

both layers sit on the subcutaneous layer/ superficial fascia (hypodermis)

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4
Q

difference between thin and thick skin

A

thin skin has hair and the epidermis lacks the strata lucidum layer (no epidermal ridges)

whereas thick skin doesn’t have hair and has those features

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5
Q

where is stratum lucidum found?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet (hairless skin)

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6
Q

epidermis is composed of what types of cells? 4

A

-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-langerhans cells
-merkel cells

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7
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

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8
Q

where are cells born? and what happens

A

in the stratum basal and move toward the surface which become increasingly keratinized and gradually die and flake away

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9
Q

layers of the dermis 2

A

papillary layer (loose connective tissue)
reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

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10
Q

what is the nail composed of (3) and what is its role

A

clear plate of keratinized epidermal cells that covers/ protects the dorsal aspect of the finger tips/toes

includes nail plate, nail matrix and lunula.

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11
Q

the nail plate is what? and the 3 parts

A

the translucent, visible portion of the fingernail and lies dorsally at the distal end of the digit. can be described by 3 separate parts
root- proximal end of nail (lies beneath skin and extends into finger)
body- main portion that overlies nail bed
free edge- distal overhang of nail plate over the pulp of the digit

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12
Q

what is the lunula/lunule of the nail?

A

the white, moon shaped area at the proximal end of the nail

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13
Q

skeletal muscles are considered organs because they consist of… (5)

A

-predominantly skeletal muscle tissue
-general connective tissue
-blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
-nerve receptors
-sensory and motor nerves

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14
Q

connective tissue component of skeletal muscle includes (3)

A

-endomysium (surrounds individual muscle fibre)
-perimysium (surrounds muscle bundles/ fasciculi)
-epimysium (surrounds numerous fasciculi to enclose the muscle organ)

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15
Q

what are the functional compartments of the thigh? 3

A

anterior compartment: flexors of hip joint and extensors of knee joint
medial compartment: mainly adductors of hip joint
posterior compartment: extensors of hip joint and flexors of knee joint

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16
Q

what are the functional compartments of the leg? 3

A

anterior compartment: dorsiflexors of talocrural joint and extensors of digits
lateral compartment: evertors of subtalar joint
posterior compartment: plantar flexes of talocrural joint, invertors of subtalar joint and flexors of digits

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17
Q

functional compartments of the foot

A

-dorsal compartment: extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis
-plantar compartment: contains 4 layers.

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18
Q

plantar compartment 4 layers

A

first layer: the most superficial
1. abductor hallucis
2. flexor digitorum brevis
3. abductor digiti minimi

second layer:
1. flexor digitorum accessorius / quadratura plantae
2. lumbricals x4

third layer:
1. flexor hallucis brevis
2. adductor hallucis (transverse head and oblique head)
3. flexor digiti minimi brevis

fourth layer: (deepest)
1. dorsal interossei x4
2. plantar interossei x3

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19
Q

what is deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

fascia lata

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20
Q

where does the iliotibial tract attach to?

A

extends from the iliac tubercle to the tibia

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21
Q

the boundaries of femoral triangle and where is it located?

A

located in the upper 1/3 of the front of the thigh

superior border- Inguinal ligament
lateral border- sartorius
medial border- adductor longus
floor- adductor longus, pectineus and iliopsoas.

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22
Q

boundaries of the adductor canal and where is it located?

A

located between anterior and medial compartments, extends from femoral triangle to adductor hiatus

laterally: vastus medialis
medially: adductor longus and Magnus
roof: sartorius

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23
Q

popliteal fossa

location and upper and lower boundaries

A

diamond shaped area at back of knee

upper boundaries: biceps femoris laterally and seitendinosus and semimembranosus

lower boundaries: plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius laterally and medial head of gastrocnemius medially

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24
Q

thickness of skin? range and average

A

range: 0.5-4.5mm
average: 3mm

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25
Q

how does skin vary? 4

A

colour
thickness
presence of hair
softness

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26
Q

difference between thick and thin skin (measurement and areas)

A

thick skin
thick epidermis that varies from 0.8-1.5mm in thickness and covers the palms and soles of feet.

think skin
thin epidermis that has thickness of 0.3mm or less and covers all regions of body except palms and soles of feet

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27
Q

what are the 5 strata/layers of thick skin

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germinativum / basale

then dermis

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28
Q

thin skin differences in epidermis

A

most strata are reduced in thickness and usually no stratum lucidum

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29
Q

in the epidermis, where is keratinocytes and melanocytes located?

A

k= all strata
m= stratum basale only

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30
Q

types of cells in the dermis 3

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
migratory immune cells

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31
Q

structures located in the dermis 5

A

hair follicles
arrector pili muscles
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
nerve endings and receptors

some extend into subcutaneous layer (deeper layer)

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32
Q

nerve receptors in the dermis where are they located/ responsible for? 5

A

free nerve endings: pain and pressure
root hair plexuses
tactile disc: fine touch
lamellated corpuscle: pressure
receptive field

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33
Q

where are blood vessels located?

A

no blood vessels in epidermis, located in capillary loops in the dermal papillae and in anastomoses between small arteries and veins

34
Q

difference between dermis/epidermis of thin and thick skin

A

thin: smaller epidermis, smoother dermis

thick: thicker epidermis, sharper dermis

35
Q

what is responsible for different pigmentation of skin 3

A

yellow- carotene
brown/black- melanin
reddish/greyish blue- blood pigments

36
Q

parts of a hair 4

A

shaft
root
hair follicle (surrounds hair root)
arrector pili muscles

37
Q

sebaceous glands 3

A

multicellular simple branched acing exocrine glands

commonly pass their secretion into a hair follicle

not in thick skin

38
Q

sweat glands consist of? 4
types?
what type of skin are they in?

A

consists of secretory part, sweat duct, intraepidermal channel, sweat pore

classified to eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

mostly in thick skin

39
Q

nails consist of 3

A

nail root, nail body (lunula), nail free edge

40
Q

shapes of skeletal muscles 5

A
  • Fusiform – fascicles taper at each end
    ➢ Parallel – fascicles run in parallel
    ➢ Convergent – broad origin tapering to narrow insertion
    ➢ Pennate – fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon
    ➢ Circular – form ring around body opening
41
Q

connective tissue structures smallest to largest

A

Endomysium (surrounds
individual muscle fibres)
• Perimysium (surrounds muscle
bundles/ fasciculi)
• Epimysium (surrounds
numerous fasciculi to enclose
the muscle organ)

42
Q

types of mm attachments 3

A

Tendons
• Aponeuroses
• Endomysial attachments (fleshy)

43
Q

Criteria for the nomenclature 9

A

Shape
ii. Orientation of fibres
iii. Relative size of whole muscle
iv. Relative length of muscle organ
v. Location
vi. Relative position
vii. Skeletal attachments of muscles
viii. Number of bellies/heads
ix. Functions/actions

44
Q

classification of muscle functions 4

A

Prime movers
• Antagonists
• Synergists
• Fixators

45
Q

skeletal muscles are grouped together and organized into specific

A

compartments

46
Q

compartments are wrapped by bone and or

A

fascia (connective tissue sheets)

47
Q

muscle compartments also contain

A

arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves

48
Q

compartments of the gluteal region

A

2 compartments- superficial and deep

superficial:
gluteus maximus, medius, minimus

deep: everything else

49
Q

what does superficial fascia of the thigh contain?

A

contains nerves, terminal half of great
saphenous vein and its tributaries;
superficial inguinal lymph nodes and
varying amounts of fat

50
Q

deep fascia anterior view contains

A

fascia latae

51
Q

deep fascia lateral view contains

A

contains iliotibial tract

52
Q

regions of lower limb skeletal muscles

A

Regions
Gluteal region
Thigh region
Leg region
Foot

53
Q

types of fascia

A
  1. superficial fascia (around muscles)
  2. deep fascia- intermuscular septa /septum
54
Q

medial inter muscular septum divides

A

anterior and medial compartments

55
Q

posterior inter muscular septum divides

A

medial and posterior. compartments

56
Q

lateral intermucular septum divides

A

anterior and posterior compartments

57
Q

compartments of thigh contain what components?

A

Anterior compartment - flexors of hip joint & extensors of knee joint
Medial compartment - mainly adductors of hip joint
Posterior compartment - extensors of hip joint & flexors of knee joint

58
Q

anterior crural fascia

A

deep crural fascia covering muscles of anterior region of leg

59
Q

compartments of leg and types of muscles in those areas

A

• Anterior compartment - dorsiflexors of talocrural joint and extensors of digits
• Lateral compartment - evertors of subtalar joint
• Posterior compartment - plantarflexes of talocrural joint, invertors of subtalar joint
and flexors of digits

60
Q

boundaries of femoral triangle

A

Superior border
Inguinal ligament

Lateral border
Sartorius

Medial border
Adductor longus

Floor
Adductor longus,
pectineus & iliopsoas

Roof: fascia latae

61
Q

femoral triangle contains 5

A

Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve
Also contains deep inguinal lymph
nodes and fat

62
Q

adductor canal located

A

Located between anterior and
medial compartments;
extends from femoral
triangle to adductor hiatus

63
Q

adductor canal located

A

Located between anterior and
medial compartments;
extends from femoral
triangle to adductor hiatus

64
Q

adductor canal boundaries

A

Bounded laterally by vastus
medialis, medially by adductor
longus and magnus; its roof is
sartorius

65
Q

contents of adductor canal

A

Major contents
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Saphenous nerve

66
Q

popliteal fossa contains 3

A

tibial nerve
popliteal artery
popliteal vein

67
Q

compartments of the foot

A

dorsal, plantar (4 layers of muscle)

68
Q

which layer of epidermis is formed by a single layer of cuboidal cells

A

stratum germinativum

69
Q

The excretory ducts of sebaceous glands drain directly onto the surface of the skin of the

A

eyelids

70
Q

sweat glands are classified as, are partially formed by and may extend into where?

A

are classified as tubular glands.
are partially formed by intraepidermal channels. may extend into the subcutanous layer.

71
Q

which layer pf skin contain moderate numbers of melanocytes

A

stratum germinativum

71
Q

which layer pf skin contain moderate numbers of melanocytes

A

stratum germinativum

72
Q

what is the thickest layer of skin

A

reticular layer of dermis

73
Q

arrestor polo muscles are attached to what (2)

A

hair follicles and papillary layer

74
Q

types of cells are located where in the skin what layer

A

epidermis

75
Q

the thickest stratum of the epidermis of thin skin is

A

stratum spinosum

76
Q

capillary loops are found in large numbers in the

A

dermal papillae

77
Q

what receptor Is located in the epidermis of skin

A

pain receptors

78
Q

the thickest stratum of thick skin is

A

stratum coreneum

79
Q

cute of toe nail is also called

A

eponychium

80
Q

stratum basale is also called

A

stratum germinativum

LSB235- ANATOMY (13 decks)

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