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LSB235- ANATOMY > WK3- integumentary system + muscles/fascia > Flashcards

WK3- integumentary system + muscles/fascia Flashcards

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1
Q

integumentary system includes?

A

the skin, nails, hair, sweat glands

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2
Q

skin functions? 7

A

-protects our bodies from physical trauma/UV rays
-acts as a barrier to bacteria and viruses
-excretes waste products
-protects underlying tissue against fluid loss, stores lipids
-synthesizes vitamin D
-regulates body temp
-contains mechanoreceptors for touch, pressure, pain and temp

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3
Q

the skin is composed of what layers?

A

the outer epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
the deeper dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)

both layers sit on the subcutaneous layer/ superficial fascia (hypodermis)

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4
Q

difference between thin and thick skin

A

thin skin has hair and the epidermis lacks the strata lucidum layer (no epidermal ridges)

whereas thick skin doesn’t have hair and has those features

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5
Q

where is stratum lucidum found?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet (hairless skin)

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6
Q

epidermis is composed of what types of cells? 4

A

-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-langerhans cells
-merkel cells

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7
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

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8
Q

where are cells born? and what happens

A

in the stratum basal and move toward the surface which become increasingly keratinized and gradually die and flake away

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9
Q

layers of the dermis 2

A

papillary layer (loose connective tissue)
reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

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10
Q

what is the nail composed of (3) and what is its role

A

clear plate of keratinized epidermal cells that covers/ protects the dorsal aspect of the finger tips/toes

includes nail plate, nail matrix and lunula.

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11
Q

the nail plate is what? and the 3 parts

A

the translucent, visible portion of the fingernail and lies dorsally at the distal end of the digit. can be described by 3 separate parts
root- proximal end of nail (lies beneath skin and extends into finger)
body- main portion that overlies nail bed
free edge- distal overhang of nail plate over the pulp of the digit

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12
Q

what is the lunula/lunule of the nail?

A

the white, moon shaped area at the proximal end of the nail

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13
Q

skeletal muscles are considered organs because they consist of… (5)

A

-predominantly skeletal muscle tissue
-general connective tissue
-blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
-nerve receptors
-sensory and motor nerves

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14
Q

connective tissue component of skeletal muscle includes (3)

A

-endomysium (surrounds individual muscle fibre)
-perimysium (surrounds muscle bundles/ fasciculi)
-epimysium (surrounds numerous fasciculi to enclose the muscle organ)

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15
Q

what are the functional compartments of the thigh? 3

A

anterior compartment: flexors of hip joint and extensors of knee joint
medial compartment: mainly adductors of hip joint
posterior compartment: extensors of hip joint and flexors of knee joint

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16
Q

what are the functional compartments of the leg? 3

A

anterior compartment: dorsiflexors of talocrural joint and extensors of digits
lateral compartment: evertors of subtalar joint
posterior compartment: plantar flexes of talocrural joint, invertors of subtalar joint and flexors of digits

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17
Q

functional compartments of the foot

A

-dorsal compartment: extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis
-plantar compartment: contains 4 layers.

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18
Q

plantar compartment 4 layers

A

first layer: the most superficial
1. abductor hallucis
2. flexor digitorum brevis
3. abductor digiti minimi

second layer:
1. flexor digitorum accessorius / quadratura plantae
2. lumbricals x4

third layer:
1. flexor hallucis brevis
2. adductor hallucis (transverse head and oblique head)
3. flexor digiti minimi brevis

fourth layer: (deepest)
1. dorsal interossei x4
2. plantar interossei x3

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19
Q

what is deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

fascia lata

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20
Q

where does the iliotibial tract attach to?

A

extends from the iliac tubercle to the tibia

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21
Q

the boundaries of femoral triangle and where is it located?

A

located in the upper 1/3 of the front of the thigh

superior border- Inguinal ligament
lateral border- sartorius
medial border- adductor longus
floor- adductor longus, pectineus and iliopsoas.

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22
Q

boundaries of the adductor canal and where is it located?

A

located between anterior and medial compartments, extends from femoral triangle to adductor hiatus

laterally: vastus medialis
medially: adductor longus and Magnus
roof: sartorius

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23
Q

popliteal fossa

location and upper and lower boundaries

A

diamond shaped area at back of knee

upper boundaries: biceps femoris laterally and seitendinosus and semimembranosus

lower boundaries: plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius laterally and medial head of gastrocnemius medially

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24
Q

thickness of skin? range and average

A

range: 0.5-4.5mm
average: 3mm

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25
how does skin vary? 4
colour thickness presence of hair softness
26
difference between thick and thin skin (measurement and areas)
thick skin thick epidermis that varies from 0.8-1.5mm in thickness and covers the palms and soles of feet. think skin thin epidermis that has thickness of 0.3mm or less and covers all regions of body except palms and soles of feet
27
what are the 5 strata/layers of thick skin
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum germinativum / basale then dermis
28
thin skin differences in epidermis
most strata are reduced in thickness and usually no stratum lucidum
29
in the epidermis, where is keratinocytes and melanocytes located?
k= all strata m= stratum basale only
30
types of cells in the dermis 3
fibroblasts macrophages migratory immune cells
31
structures located in the dermis 5
hair follicles arrector pili muscles sweat glands sebaceous glands nerve endings and receptors some extend into subcutaneous layer (deeper layer)
32
nerve receptors in the dermis where are they located/ responsible for? 5
free nerve endings: pain and pressure root hair plexuses tactile disc: fine touch lamellated corpuscle: pressure receptive field
33
where are blood vessels located?
no blood vessels in epidermis, located in capillary loops in the dermal papillae and in anastomoses between small arteries and veins
34
difference between dermis/epidermis of thin and thick skin
thin: smaller epidermis, smoother dermis thick: thicker epidermis, sharper dermis
35
what is responsible for different pigmentation of skin 3
yellow- carotene brown/black- melanin reddish/greyish blue- blood pigments
36
parts of a hair 4
shaft root hair follicle (surrounds hair root) arrector pili muscles
37
sebaceous glands 3
multicellular simple branched acing exocrine glands commonly pass their secretion into a hair follicle not in thick skin
38
sweat glands consist of? 4 types? what type of skin are they in?
consists of secretory part, sweat duct, intraepidermal channel, sweat pore classified to eccrine and apocrine sweat glands mostly in thick skin
39
nails consist of 3
nail root, nail body (lunula), nail free edge
40
shapes of skeletal muscles 5
- Fusiform – fascicles taper at each end ➢ Parallel – fascicles run in parallel ➢ Convergent – broad origin tapering to narrow insertion ➢ Pennate – fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon ➢ Circular – form ring around body opening
41
connective tissue structures smallest to largest
Endomysium (surrounds individual muscle fibres) • Perimysium (surrounds muscle bundles/ fasciculi) • Epimysium (surrounds numerous fasciculi to enclose the muscle organ)
42
types of mm attachments 3
Tendons • Aponeuroses • Endomysial attachments (fleshy)
43
Criteria for the nomenclature 9
Shape ii. Orientation of fibres iii. Relative size of whole muscle iv. Relative length of muscle organ v. Location vi. Relative position vii. Skeletal attachments of muscles viii. Number of bellies/heads ix. Functions/actions
44
classification of muscle functions 4
Prime movers • Antagonists • Synergists • Fixators
45
skeletal muscles are grouped together and organized into specific
compartments
46
compartments are wrapped by bone and or
fascia (connective tissue sheets)
47
muscle compartments also contain
arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves
48
compartments of the gluteal region
2 compartments- superficial and deep superficial: gluteus maximus, medius, minimus deep: everything else
49
what does superficial fascia of the thigh contain?
contains nerves, terminal half of great saphenous vein and its tributaries; superficial inguinal lymph nodes and varying amounts of fat
50
deep fascia anterior view contains
fascia latae
51
deep fascia lateral view contains
contains iliotibial tract
52
regions of lower limb skeletal muscles
Regions Gluteal region Thigh region Leg region Foot
53
types of fascia
1. superficial fascia (around muscles) 2. deep fascia- intermuscular septa /septum
54
medial inter muscular septum divides
anterior and medial compartments
55
posterior inter muscular septum divides
medial and posterior. compartments
56
lateral intermucular septum divides
anterior and posterior compartments
57
compartments of thigh contain what components?
Anterior compartment - flexors of hip joint & extensors of knee joint Medial compartment - mainly adductors of hip joint Posterior compartment - extensors of hip joint & flexors of knee joint
58
anterior crural fascia
deep crural fascia covering muscles of anterior region of leg
59
compartments of leg and types of muscles in those areas
• Anterior compartment - dorsiflexors of talocrural joint and extensors of digits • Lateral compartment - evertors of subtalar joint • Posterior compartment - plantarflexes of talocrural joint, invertors of subtalar joint and flexors of digits
60
boundaries of femoral triangle
Superior border Inguinal ligament Lateral border Sartorius Medial border Adductor longus Floor Adductor longus, pectineus & iliopsoas Roof: fascia latae
61
femoral triangle contains 5
Femoral vein Femoral artery Femoral nerve Also contains deep inguinal lymph nodes and fat
62
adductor canal located
Located between anterior and medial compartments; extends from femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
63
adductor canal located
Located between anterior and medial compartments; extends from femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
64
adductor canal boundaries
Bounded laterally by vastus medialis, medially by adductor longus and magnus; its roof is sartorius
65
contents of adductor canal
Major contents Femoral vein Femoral artery Saphenous nerve
66
popliteal fossa contains 3
tibial nerve popliteal artery popliteal vein
67
compartments of the foot
dorsal, plantar (4 layers of muscle)
68
which layer of epidermis is formed by a single layer of cuboidal cells
stratum germinativum
69
The excretory ducts of sebaceous glands drain directly onto the surface of the skin of the
eyelids
70
sweat glands are classified as, are partially formed by and may extend into where?
are classified as tubular glands. are partially formed by intraepidermal channels. may extend into the subcutanous layer.
71
which layer pf skin contain moderate numbers of melanocytes
stratum germinativum
71
which layer pf skin contain moderate numbers of melanocytes
stratum germinativum
72
what is the thickest layer of skin
reticular layer of dermis
73
arrestor polo muscles are attached to what (2)
hair follicles and papillary layer
74
types of cells are located where in the skin what layer
epidermis
75
the thickest stratum of the epidermis of thin skin is
stratum spinosum
76
capillary loops are found in large numbers in the
dermal papillae
77
what receptor Is located in the epidermis of skin
pain receptors
78
the thickest stratum of thick skin is
stratum coreneum
79
cute of toe nail is also called
eponychium
80
stratum basale is also called
stratum germinativum

LSB235- ANATOMY (13 decks)

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